近代早期英国社会犯罪和政府对策初探

发布时间：2018-01-13 14:32

本文关键词：近代早期英国社会犯罪和政府对策初探　出处：《华东师范大学》2008年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 近代早期,即16—18世纪中叶,是英国工业革命前的经济社会转型时期。在这个时期,英国的经济社会发生了巨大变革,社会犯罪也成为严重的社会问题。国外学者对该时期的社会犯罪状况进行了一定程度上的探讨,但对近代早期英国经济、社会对社会犯罪的影响重视不够,并且对犯罪类型的完整性分析和近代早期英国社会犯罪的一些典型犯罪大多语焉不详,对近代早期英国社会犯罪的政府对策也没有进行系统性总结。国内学者对该选题则鲜有涉及。本文试图弥补以上的不足,对特定历史时期英国经济社会变化对犯罪的影响进行条理清楚的阐述,考察近代早期英国社会犯罪的概况,并初步探索一下英国近代早期治理社会犯罪的政府对策。根据对史料的分析和整理,近代早期英国经济社会的变化在较大程度上影响着社会犯罪,以下几个方面对社会犯罪的发生、发展影响最为突出:一是人口的增长及其压力;二是贫富差距的拉大并呈扩大化趋势;三是流民问题、环境问题和失业问题;四是战争、农业歉收和时疫等诱因;五是宗教、社会心理等因素。以上经济社会条件直接或间接,或大或小地影响着近代早期英国的社会犯罪。近代早期英国社会犯罪类型主要包括侵犯财产的犯罪、侵犯人身的犯罪和轻罪。其中,侵犯财产的犯罪主要包括盗窃罪、抢劫罪和夜盗罪;侵犯人身的犯罪则主要包括杀人罪、杀婴罪和强奸罪;轻罪的范围较为广泛,往往和侵权联系在一起。为了更好地分析近代早期英国社会犯罪的状况,本论文选取了几种比较重要的犯罪形式予以重点介绍,分别是团伙犯罪、女性犯罪、流民犯罪和社会性犯罪。近代早期英国社会犯罪给英国社会产生了一系列影响,同时也给英国政府带来相当程度的压力,促使其不得不正视这一问题,并采取相关措施来处理社会犯罪:一是强化立法,惩治罪犯的立法很多都体现在取消不同类型罪犯所享有的“教士恩赦权”方面,同时英国政府也颁行了诸多关于救济、平抑粮价、提供就业机会的法令;二是打击犯罪,死刑是一种主要的方式,其它一些方式如罚款、鞭刑、枷刑、监禁等辅之;三是将罪犯流放海外,去向一般是印度和北美殖民地,流放制度是逐步建立的,至1718年英国政府正式建立流放制度;四是监督各级政府的执法活动,其内容既包括加强政府,特别是地方政府的执法活动,也涉及到对地方秩序的维护者——治安法官和警官的执法活动进行监督。通过以上措施,英国政府把犯罪的治理纳入到了制度管理的轨道。总之,近代早期英国社会犯罪既深受该时期英国经济社会环境的影响,也反映了转型时期英国经济社会的变化发展。英国政府在犯罪的治理方面取得了较好的成效,使18世纪的英国社会秩序得到了较大程度的好转,也为18世纪下半叶工业革命的顺利开展提供了一个较为良好的国内环境。
[Abstract]:In early modern times, that is 16 to mid eighteenth Century, the British Industrial Revolution before the economic and social transition. In this period, great changes have taken place in the economic society, social crime has become a serious social problem. Foreign scholars have carried on the study to a certain extent to the social crime in this period, but for the British economy in early modern times, the social influence on social crime seriously insufficient, and some typical crimes of the crime type integrity analysis and crime in early modern England are vague, there is no systematic summary of the government policy of social crime in early modern England. Domestic scholars on this topic is rarely involved. This paper attempts to remedy the above lack of impact on Britain's economic and social changes in the specific historical period of the crime are clearly described, an investigation of social crime in early modern England, and A preliminary exploration of the government's Countermeasures for the early governance of social crimes in the early modern times.
According to the analysis and sorting of historical, economic and social changes in early modern England influence social crime to a great extent, the following aspects of social crime, affecting the development of the most prominent: one is the population growth and pressure; the two is the widening gap between rich and poor and expanding; three is the refugee problem the environmental problems, and the unemployment rate is four; the war, crop failures and epidemic disease and other incentives; five is religious, social and psychological factors. The economic and social conditions directly or indirectly, or big or small influence of early modern British social crime.
In early modern England society crime types include violations of the property crime, assault crimes and misdemeanors. The infringement of property crimes including theft, robbery and burglary; assault crimes including murder, rape and infanticide; misdemeanor widely, and often infringement together. In order to analyze the situation of crime in early modern England, this thesis chooses several important forms of crime to be introduced, which is organized crime, female crime, crime and crime of refugee community.
The social crime in early modern England produced a series of effects to the society, but also bring considerable pressure to the British government to have to face this problem, and take relevant measures to deal with social crime: one is to strengthen the legislation, punish the criminal legislation is more embodied in different types of criminals enjoy cancel "the priest prerogative of mercy", at the same time, the British government also issued a lot about the relief, stabilize price, provide employment opportunities for the two laws; to combat crime, the death penalty is one of the main ways, some other methods such as fines, imprisonment and caning, pillory, auxiliary; three is the criminals in exile, to is India and North American colonies, the exile system is gradually established, to the British government in 1718 formally established the exile system; four is the law enforcement supervision at all levels of government, its contents include strengthening the government, especially The law enforcement activities of local governments also involve supervising the activities of law enforcement of magistrates and police officers. Through the above measures, the British government put the governance of crime into the orbit of institutional management.
In short, the social crime in early modern England is influenced by the period of economic and social environment in the UK, also reflects the change of the British economic and social development during the transition period. The British government has achieved good results in the crime of governance, the eighteenth Century British social order has been greatly improved, providing a good home the environment for the second half of the eighteenth Century the industrial revolution is carried out smoothly.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K561.4

【引证文献】