14-17世纪欧洲的军事革命与社会转型

发布时间：2018-01-21 21:28

本文关键词： 欧洲军事革命社会转型　出处：《东北师范大学》2003年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 从中世纪晚期到近代早期，欧洲军事领域发生了一系列变革，其中一些重要变革不仅在短时间内剧烈地改变了欧洲战争的面貌，而且对欧洲社会发展的进程产生了重大影响，这就是所谓军事革命。在14—17世纪这段时间里，欧洲至少发生了5场军事革命：14世纪的步兵革命、15世纪前期的火炮革命、16世纪早期的防御工事革命、16世纪末至17世纪初的战术革命以及16世纪的海战革命，等等。我们强调这些军事变革的重要性，不仅在于它们在军事史上的地位，更主要的是因为其在制度和社会方面的影响有力地促进了中世纪晚期至近代早期欧洲的社会转型。以往学术界通常把火药武器或雇佣军的出现作为从军事上促进了西欧封建制瓦解的关键性事件，但英、法及西班牙等国封建贵族被王权驯服的过程证明，这种观点是存在一定局限性的。在14世纪，步兵开始取代重装骑兵成为西欧战场上的主宰，这就是所谓步兵革命。因为步兵在作战技能和装备费用等方面的要求比较低，步兵的兴起和重装骑兵的衰落为第三等级进入军队创造了条件。步兵革命不仅削弱了贵族垄断西欧军事事务的基础，而且提高了平民的政治及社会地位，它从两方面冲击着西欧封建社会的等级秩序，因而有力地促进了西欧封建制度的瓦解。军事革命是导致16、17世纪欧洲军队规模急剧膨胀的重要原因。军队规模的膨胀使军事费用不断攀升。由于近代早期政府动员社会资源的能力十分有限，尽管它们采取了各种措施，仍不能满足日益庞大的军费需求。另外，主要由军事革命引起的军队规模的扩大及雇佣军向常备军的转变，对政府的组织、管理能力提出挑战。在扩大财源和改善管理的双重压力下，欧洲许多国家进行了行政管理方面的改革，并逐步建立起专业化的官僚行政体系。所以，军事革命促进了欧洲行政管理体系的合理化过程。军事革命扩大了近代早期欧洲军人与平民的分野，使军人的行为东北师范大学博士学位论文方式和价值观念呈现出一些新的特点：中世纪骑士军队那种以追求荣誉、个人的英勇和对领主的忠诚为美德的观念不见了，取而代之的是以服从命令、遵守纪律、集体感、合作精神、标准化、等级制为特征的行为方式和价值观念。这种新的行为方式和价值观念，后来被引入到工厂、机关、学校等社会组织中，有效地改善了这些组织的管理，从而在一定程度上促进了欧洲近代社会的形成与发展。军事革命提高了欧洲海军进行贸易封锁的能力，从而改善了重商主义政策的实施效果。军事革命还导致欧洲陆海军规模的膨胀，日益扩大的军需品生产刺激了欧洲冶金、采煤、造船及其它工业的发展。此外，军事革命在推动欧洲各国建立安定的社会秩序、改善交通状况及拓展海外事业等方面均发挥了一定作用，这些都是有利于欧洲资本主义经济发展的。从理论上讲，军事革命是在任何时期任何地方都可能发生的现象，但在14——17世纪这段时期，世界各主要文明地区当中只有欧洲发生了军事革命。备国之间的生存竞争、频繁的战争、巨大的军事威胁，以及有利于革新的思想文化背景，是欧洲在14——17世纪发生一系列军事革命的主要条件，由于世界其它地区在这段时期几乎都不具备这些条件，回此没有发生欧洲那样的军事革命。随着一系列军事革命的发生，欧洲军队在陆地和海上的作战能力均得到了稳步提高，这使欧洲在与世界其它地区的对抗中逐渐取得了越来越明显的军事优势。这种优势是欧洲人能够征服一个又一个民族的直接原因。所以，军事革命在欧洲确立全球性优势地位的过程中发挥了多方面的促进作用。反过来，这种全球性优势的确立，在客观上有助于欧洲将最近几个世纪当中发展出来的各种制度和观念向世界其它地区传播。因此，军事革命在世界其它地区由传统社会向现代社会转型过程中也发挥了一定作用。综上所述，军事革命在中世纪晚期至近代早期欧洲政治、经济。思想文化和社会生活等各方面都产生了重要而深远的影响。作为推动社会变革的诸多力量之一，军事革命有力地促进了欧洲由封建社会向资本主义社会的过渡，加速了现代文明在欧洲的诞生，井推动了这种且且东北师范大学博上学位论文新文明向全世界的传播。当然，，军事革命是在与推动杜会转型的其它因素的相互作用中发展的，其自身也是补会转型的产物。总之，14一门世纪欧洲的军事革命，在世界由传统文明向现代文明的转型过程中发挥了重要作用，其影响是深远的。
[Abstract]:From the late Middle Ages to the early modern times, a series of changes, the European military field, some important changes not only in a short period of time changed dramatically in the face of war in Europe, but also had a great influence on the development of European Society in the process, this is the so-called military revolution. In seventeenth Century 14, this time, at least in Europe the 5 revolution in military affairs: fourteenth Century the infantry revolution, the artillery revolution in the early fifteenth Century, the fortification revolution in the early sixteenth Century, late sixteenth Century to early seventeenth Century and sixteenth Century revolution of Naval Tactical revolution, and so on. We emphasize importance of these military reform, not only is their position in military history, mainly because its impact on the social aspects of the system and effectively promoted the late medieval and early modern European society.
Scholars always think of gunpowder weapons or mercenaries as from the military to promote the key events in Western Europe, but the collapse of the feudal system in Britain, Spain and other countries and the feudal aristocracy was tamed to prove this point of view, there is a certain limitation. In Fourteenth Century, the infantry began to replace the heavy cavalry dominated the European battlefield this is called the infantry revolution. Because infantry in combat skills and equipment costs and other aspects of the requirements are relatively low, the decline of the rise of the infantry and cavalry into third grades to enter the army to create the conditions. The infantry revolution not only undermines the aristocratic monopoly in the military affairs, but also improve the civilian political and social status. It, from the two aspects of the impact of Western European feudal society rank, thus effectively promoted the collapse of feudalism.
The military revolution is an important cause of the rapid expansion of the scale of 16,17 century European army. The military expansion scale lead to the rise of military expenses. Due to the ability of early modern government to mobilize social resources are very limited, although they have taken various measures, still can not meet the increasingly large military needs. In addition, the expansion and scale are mainly caused by the mercenary army the military revolution into a standing army, the government organization, challenge the management ability. In the expansion of the exchequer and improving the administration, many European countries are the reform of the administrative management, and gradually establish a system of bureaucratic administration specialization. Therefore, the military revolution promoted the rationalization process of European administrative the management system.
The military revolution expanded the separation of the European soldiers from the civilians in early modern times, and made the soldiers' behavior
Doctoral dissertations of Northeast Normal University
The ways and values show some new features: the Medieval Knight army's pursuit of glory
The idea of fame, personal courage and loyalty to the Lord is lost and replaced by the idea of virtue.
It is characterized by obedience to orders, discipline, sense of collectives, cooperative spirit, standardization, and hierarchy
The way of behavior and values. This new way of behavior and values were later introduced.
The management of these organizations has been effectively improved in the social organizations, such as factories, institutions, schools and other social organizations.
Thus, to a certain extent, the formation and development of modern European society have been promoted.
The military revolution of the European naval blockade ability, so as to improve the business
The effect of the policy. The military revolution has also led to the expansion of the scale of the European and marine Navy.
The expansion of the production of military supplies stimulated the development of European metallurgy, coal mining, shipbuilding and other industries.
In addition, the military revolution has promoted the establishment of a stable social order and the improvement of traffic conditions in all countries of Europe.
And it has played a role in expanding overseas business, all of which are beneficial to European capital.
The economic development of the economy.
In theory, the military revolution is a phenomenon that may occur anywhere in any period.
But in the period of 14 - seventeenth Century, only Europe had occurred in the major civilizations of the world.
The military revolution. The survival and competition between countries, frequent wars, and huge military threats.
And the ideological and cultural background conducive to innovation was a series of military operations in Europe in 14 - seventeenth Century.
The main condition of the revolution is that almost none of the rest of the world has these articles during this period.
In this case, there is no military revolution like that in Europe.
With the occurrence of a series of Military Revolutions, the operational capability of the European army on land and sea
It has been steadily improved, which has led to a gradual recovery of Europe from the rest of the world.
A growing military advantage. This advantage is that Europeans can conquer one nation after another.
The direct cause of the military revolution in the process of establishing a global dominance in Europe
In turn, the establishment of this global advantage, in turn, is objective.
It will help Europe to bring the various systems and ideas that have been developed in the last few centuries to the world
It is spread in the region. Therefore, the military revolution is from the traditional society to the modern society in the rest of the world.
In the process of transformation, it also played a certain role.
To sum up, the military revolution was from the late Middle Ages to the early modern European politics and economy.
All aspects of the ideological and cultural and social life have had an important and far-reaching impact.
One of the many forces of social change, the military revolution strongly promoted Europe from the feudal society.
The transition of capitalist society accelerated the birth of modern civilization in Europe, and the well promoted this.
And and
Academic dissertations of Northeast Normal University
The spread of new civilization to the whole world. Of course, the military revolution is the rest of the transformation of Du Hui.
The development of the interaction of factors is the product of the transition. In a word, 14 1
The military revolution in Europe in the door century, in the process of transformation from traditional civilization to modern civilization in the world
It has played an important role, and its influence is far-reaching.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：K13

【引证文献】