20世纪60年代美国印第安土著部落制的复兴

发布时间：2018-01-26 07:06

本文关键词： 美国印第安人部落制复兴　出处：《华东师范大学》2009年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 印第安人是美洲大陆最古老的民族,土著部落是其最基本的社会组织形式,部落体制在整个土著文化中,扮演着不可或缺的角色. 1492年,西班牙著名航海家哥伦布发现美洲大陆。此后,欧洲殖民者开始络绎不绝,纷至沓来。频繁的接触中,欧洲白人与印第安人社会构成及文化上的巨大差异开始凸显,后者的社会文化生活随之发生改变。尤其是美国建国之后,联邦政府打着“文明开化”的旗号,颁布了一系列政策法案,旨在大肆掠夺印第安人广袤土地的同时摧毁土著文化的核心—部落体制—以便将其同化到以盎格鲁-撒克逊文化为核心的白人社会中。在这一过程中,印第安部落制经历了被打压、重组及被终止等一系列毁灭性的打击。幸运的是,自20世纪60年代,联邦政府从根本上纠正其印第安政策,从之前的“同化”为主导转为鼓励印第安民族自决,承认部落体制的重要性,由此带来土著部落制的复兴,改变了印第安民族的命运。鉴于土著部落制在这一阶段实现复兴所具有的重大意义,而国内外学术界尚未对此展开过系统研究,于是本文立足于这段历史,探讨印第安部落制于20世纪60年代实现复兴的主要原因及随之产生的对印第安人社会文化生活的影响。笔者认为,20世纪60、70年代以黑人为首的民权运动的蓬勃发展,多元文化主义的兴起,唤醒了包括印第安人在内的美国各少数族裔强烈的民族意识,各个印第安部落、组织奋起捍卫族裔文化,对原本一枝独秀的美国主流文化形成了强烈冲击。加上这期间愈演愈烈的反战运动,反文化运动,整个美国社会动荡不安,人们开始了对美国社会文化政治生活方方面面的反思,对少数族裔及其文化产生了极大的同情。期间,美国政府也开始审视自己的内政外交政策,其中就包括数百年来联邦政府的印第安政策,并随之颁布一系列的法律条令鼓励印第安民族自治,由此带来了土著部落制的复兴。60年代部落体制的加强,部落政府权力的回归,极大地扭转了之前印第安人民因部落制解体而导致的极端无权、贫困及边缘化的社会状况,保存了土著文化,并促进了保留地上经济、教育事业的发展,提高了印第安人民的生活水平。
[Abstract]:The Indians are the oldest people in the American continent, and the native tribes are the most basic form of social organization. The tribal system plays an indispensable role in the whole indigenous culture. In 1492, Columbus, a famous Spanish navigator, discovered the American continent. After that, European colonists began to arrive in an endless stream. Great differences in social composition and culture between whites and Indians in Europe began to show, and the social and cultural life of the latter changed. Especially after the founding of the United States, the federal government held the banner of "civilized civilization". A number of policy acts have been enacted. The centre-tribal system, which aims to plunder the vast lands of Indians while destroying indigenous cultures, in order to assimilate them into a white society with Anglo-Saxon culture at its core. In the process. Indian tribesmen have suffered a series of devastating blows from repression, restructuring, and termination. Fortunately, since 1960s, the federal government has fundamentally corrected its Indian policy. From the former "assimilation" to encourage the self-determination of the Indian nation, recognized the importance of the tribal system, which led to the revival of the indigenous tribal system, and changed the fate of the Indian nation. In view of the great significance of the revival of the indigenous tribal system in this stage, the academic circles at home and abroad have not carried out a systematic study of this, so this paper is based on this history. This paper discusses the main reasons for the revival of the Indian tribal system in 1960s and the consequent influence on the social and cultural life of the Indians. In 70s, the vigorous development of the civil rights movement led by blacks and the rise of multiculturalism awakened the strong national consciousness of American minorities, including the Indians, and various Indian tribes. The organization rose to defend the ethnic culture, formed a strong impact on the original dominant American mainstream culture. Coupled with the intensified anti-war movement, anti-cultural movement during this period, the entire American society is in turmoil. People began to reflect on all aspects of American social, cultural and political life, and had great sympathy for ethnic minorities and their culture. During this period, the US government began to examine its internal and foreign policy. It included the Indian policy of the federal government for hundreds of years, and the promulgation of a series of laws and regulations to encourage the autonomy of Indian nations, which led to the revival of the tribal system in the 1960s and the strengthening of the tribal system in the 1960s. The return of tribal government power has greatly reversed the extreme powerlessness, poverty and marginalization of the former Indians as a result of the dissolution of tribal systems, preserved indigenous cultures and promoted the reserve economy. The development of education raised the living standards of the Indian people.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K712.54

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