西撒哈拉问题（1976-）：起源、冲突及其前景

发布时间：2018-02-20 02:06

本文关键词： 西撒哈拉沙地之战西撒哈拉独立阵线与绿色进军　出处：《吉林大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 引言 1912年到1956年,摩洛哥受法国与西班牙当局的统治(受保护国),但直到1975年摩洛哥“绿色进军”(Green March)之后,西撒哈拉地区才脱离西班牙的殖民统治,在摩洛哥、毛里塔尼亚与西班牙签订马德里条约(Madrid Agreement)之后西班牙军队撤离。西班牙势力撤出之后,由于邻国之间的“沙地之战”(Sand War)(1963年在阿尔及利亚与摩洛哥之间爆发),本地区开始变得不稳定。目前冲突基本上发生在摩洛哥与西撒哈拉独立阵线(Polisario)之间。联合国以组织全民投票的解决方式介入但是没有收到成效,因为投票被阴谋破坏了;这是毁掉地区和平进程的主要原因。之后,摩洛哥政府在2007年提出新的自治建议。尽管得到国际社会相当的重视,但仍被西撒哈拉独立阵线所拒绝。西撒哈拉冲突于1976年爆发,至今所有结束争端的和平尝试都失败了,因此我们脑海中浮现出的问题就是:为什么问题仍旧没有得到解决? 帝国主义扩张下撒哈拉地区摩洛哥化的历史背景中世纪以来,西撒哈拉与摩洛哥处于同一种政治制度与民族的统治下。他们来自于同种同文化的民族(阿马齐格人),在伊斯兰教的征服下被同化为阿拉伯人。这一章准备着重叙述那一时期的历史,这也是摩洛哥在这一地区的历史权益以及在外交谈判中所有论据所主张的基础。我们将这一章分成三个部分。第一部分是伊斯兰征服时期的具体细节,第二部分我们讨论西撒哈拉与摩洛哥的历史联系,最后一部分集中于帝国主义者殖民摩洛哥沿大西洋海岸南部地区的野心,这是帝国主义势力对这一地区感兴趣的主要背后动机。因此,所有的摩洛哥国王都顽强不屈地保卫摩洛哥南部的主权。西撒哈拉冲突的起源(殖民势力撤出之后) 当我们讨论任何冲突的根源时我们都不得不回顾推动事态发展到一定程度的历史事件。西撒哈拉冲突出现于法国与西班牙军队撤出摩洛哥领土之后,确切地说是在西班牙从摩洛哥北部地区撤离时。因此,本章第一部分包括西撒哈拉地区抵抗西班牙军队的解放战争的延续。前一章指出了摩洛哥古代领土包括西撒哈拉、摩洛哥、毛里塔尼亚与阿尔及利亚西部,当帝国主义者撤出时,这一地区的国家(摩洛哥、阿尔及利亚与毛里塔尼亚)间划分边界失败——或不情愿——是冲突爆发的原因,这是我们将在第二部分讨论的内容。第三部分准备找出冲突发生的导火索以及西撒哈拉独立阵线如何在他们的祖国对抗摩洛哥政府成为萨拉威人权利的倡导者与要求者,尤其是,我们将从不同角度探讨国际社会对这一事件的反应,马格里布(Maghreb)地区国家、非洲阿拉伯国家以及美国与欧洲国家的立场。阿尔及利亚介入西撒哈拉问题这一争论游走于阿尔及利亚在西撒哈拉问题上介入与中立态度二者之间,在这一点上必须强调阿尔及利亚在这一问题上介入的两大方面:第一个是事件的现实,第二个是法律上的,这与阿尔及利亚针对这场自1975年爆发以来仍未平息的冲突进行的外交活动有关系。这一章我们试图在通观不同的国际关系理论后解释阿尔及利亚为何采取这一立场,以及导致问题发生乃至恶化的国际政治因素。因此,我们把这一章分为三个部分,第一部分描述阿尔及利亚与廷杜夫(Tindouf)地区萨拉威(Sahrawis)难民的关系,第二部分批判阿尔及利亚的立场妨碍了摩洛哥试图平息冲突的种种努力,第三部分集中讨论在这一问题上剥离阿尔及利亚因素的可能性。这一章我们基于自由主义的观点并在某种程度上借助建构主义的观点提出一些建议,因为所有的相关方都具有同样的种族与宗教背景,并怀着使这一地区得以重新稳定的愿望。摩洛哥平息冲突的外交策略自从1956年独立,摩洛哥尝试过不同的收回撒哈拉的方式,撒哈拉问题是所有摩洛哥政府的主要国内议题,也驱动着摩洛哥的对外政策。因此,本章拟重点论述因事态变化摩洛哥将这一问题提交国际法庭以求取得国际合法性的外交策略,但是法庭决议对摩洛哥要求部分并不完全具有积极意义,因为法庭宣布撒哈拉与摩洛哥之间关系应取决于萨拉威人民的民族自决。第二部分集中论述绿色进军在1975年对这一问题的第一次严正要求。第三部分探讨联合国仲裁,包括撒哈拉公民投票,我们试图揭示和平进程与公民投票失败的原因。在这一部分的最后集中讨论摩洛哥的自治提议的实际意义,如果所有相关各方都能够从中获取利益就能够终止冲突,为了给本地区带来稳定,启动因该冲突而遭冻结的阿拉伯马格里布联盟(Arab Maghreb Union)这一伟大构想。结论摩洛哥关于自治的新观念能够平息冲突,因为这一观念在解决国际上其它地区类似冲突的过程中是一个有效的解决方法。但是就摩洛哥而言,这一建议应该在同阿尔及利亚关系正常化之后,与西撒哈拉独立阵线的领导人基于共同利益——尤其是经济上的——在双边谈判中解决问题。
[Abstract]:Introduction
From 1912 to 1956, Morocco, France and Spain by the authorities (protectorate), but it was not until the 1975 Morocco "green March" (Green March), Western Sahara was from Spain's colonial rule in Morocco, Mauritania, and Spain signed the Treaty of Madrid (Madrid Agreement) after the Spanish army evacuated. After the Spanish forces due to withdrawal, between the neighboring "sand war" (Sand (War) broke out in 1963 between Algeria and Morocco), the region began to become unstable.
The current conflict basically occurred in Morocco and the Polisario (Polisario). The United Nations to organize a referendum to solve the intervention but did not receive the effectiveness, because the vote is sabotage; this is the main reason to destroy the regional peace process. After that, the government of Morocco autonomous new proposals in 2007. Although the international social considerable attention, but still be the Polisario refuses.
The conflict in Western Sahara broke out in 1976. So far, all the peaceful attempts to end the dispute have failed. So the problem in our minds is: why is the problem still unsolved?
The historical background of Morocco in the Sahara region under the expansionism of imperialism
Since the middle ages, Western Sahara and Morocco have been under the same political system and national rule. They came from the same cultural nation (AMA Qi Geren) and were assimilated into Arabs under the conquest of Islam.
This chapter is going to focus on the history of that period. This is also the historical interest of Morocco in this area and the basis for all the arguments in diplomatic negotiations.
This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is the details of Islamic conquest, the second part we discuss the historical ties of Western Sahara and Morocco. The last part focuses on the imperialist colonial Morocco along the southern coast of the the Atlantic area of ambition, which is the main motivation behind the imperialist forces interested in this the king of Morocco. Therefore, all of the indomitable to defend southern Morocco's sovereignty.
The origin of the conflict in the Western Sahara (after the withdrawal of the colonial forces)
When we discuss the root of any conflict, we have to look back on the development of events to a certain degree of historical events.
The conflict in West Sahara appeared after the withdrawal of Spanish troops from Morocco territory, rather in Spain from the northern part of Morocco. Therefore, the first part of this chapter includes the continuation of the Spanish Sahara war against the Spanish army.
The last chapter points out the Morocco ancient territory including Western Sahara, Morocco, Mauritania and Algeria in the west, when the imperialists withdraw, countries in the region (Morocco, Algeria and Mauritania) between the partition boundary -- or not -- is to defeat the causes of conflicts, which is in the second part we will discuss the content.
The third part to find the conflict and fuse of Polisario to fight the Morocco government in their country become advocates and requirements of the Sahrawi people rights, in particular, we will explore the international reaction to the events from different angles, the Maghreb (Maghreb) countries in the region of Arabia, Africa and the United States and European countries the position.
Algeria's involvement in the question of Western Sahara
The debate between walk in Algeria in the Western Sahara on the issue of intervention and neutral two, at this point must be emphasized two aspects of Algeria on the issue of intervention: the first is the event of reality, the second is the law, which has a relationship with Algeria in this field since the outbreak in 1975 not quell conflicts are diplomatic activities. In this chapter, we try to view different theories of international relations after explained why Algeria took this position, and the cause of international political problems and factors of deterioration.
Therefore, we put this chapter is divided into three parts, the first part describes Algeria and Tinduff (Tindouf) area (Sahrawis) of the refugee Sahrawis, the second part critique of the position of Algeria hinder the efforts of Morocco trying to quell the conflict. The third part focuses on the possibility of stripping on the issue of Algeria factors.
In this chapter, we put forward some suggestions based on liberalism and to some extent with constructivist view, because all the related parties have the same race and religious background, and have the desire to make the area stable again.
Morocco's diplomatic strategy to quell the conflict
Since independence in 1956, Morocco has tried different ways to get rid of Sahara. Sahara is the main domestic issue of all Morocco governments, and it also drives Morocco's foreign policy.
Therefore, this chapter focuses on developments in Morocco because of this issue will be submitted to the International Court in order to obtain the international legitimacy of foreign policy, but the court decision on the Morocco requirements are not completely positive, because the court announced the Sahara and Morocco relations should depend on people's Sahrawi national self-determination. The second part focuses on the green march in 1975 on the issue of the first time demands. The third part discusses the United Nations arbitration, including the referendum, we try to reveal the peace process and the reasons for the failure of the referendum. In the practical significance of the last part of the focus on the autonomy of Morocco's proposal, if all parties can benefit from it to the end of the conflict, in order to give the region to bring stability, start being due to the conflict of frozen Arabia Maghreb Union (Arab Maghreb Union) this great idea.
conclusion
New ideas about autonomy of Morocco to quell the conflict, because this idea in the process of solving other similar conflicts in the area of international is an effective solution. But as far as Morocco is concerned, this proposal should be in after the normalization of relations with Algeria, and the Polisario leaders based on common interests -- especially in the economy the - in bilateral negotiations to solve the problem.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K153

【相似文献】