从梅特涅的改革看他的保守主义思想

发布时间：2018-03-02 05:35

本文关键词： 梅特涅保守主义思想奥地利改革　出处：《浙江师范大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：进入18世纪后,欧洲乃至整个世界都进入了一个前所未有的变革期。英国开始了工业革命,走在了欧洲各国的前面；1789年的法国大革命极大地震撼了欧洲世界,节节胜利的法国革命同坚持封建制度的欧洲其他强国的军事冲突不可避免。奥地利面临严重的内忧外患,梅特涅作为奥地利的外交大臣和首相,在这个风云变化的时代成为举足轻重的一个角色。他之所以开创了一个以他的名字命名的时代即“梅特涅时代”,大部分是因为他通达时务,也就是说他的保守主义思想使他成为这个时代的领头人。在那个时代中,梅特涅是脚踏实地面向现实的,或者也就可以说是见风使舵。他自己认为,他想实现的,无非是一般人所追求的和平和秩序;他之所以要维持旧秩序,并不是因为他无法接受新思想,而是因为他认为这样有利于保存欧洲的文明。也就是说,他的保守主义虽然总的说来是反动的,但有其复杂性,不能简单化。梅特涅的保守主义对内要求一个强有力的政府,对外要求均势协调。他的一整套保守主义的政治主张,在于维护封建地主和金融寡头的统治。在他看来,和平和秩序是最为重要的,其他的一切都要为此服务。梅特涅对奥地利的改革集中在国家官僚方面,他的改革并非原创,而是对于前人的继承。他较之前人的成功之处在于他对皇帝的了解,他明白皇帝需要的是什么而且也明白皇帝能够得到什么。然而也正因为这一点,他并不能得到皇帝的全部信任,因而他的改革最终未能获得到较好的结果。即使这样,由于他在外交上的卓越成就,使得他的改革给奥地利留下了足够深远的印记。虽然说他的思想是保守主义的,但是有时候他却太过于理想,在一次次的失败后,他不得不转变得更加保守。他创建了一个较为稳定的时代,但是毕竟他所维护的仍然是封建君主专制的政治格局。他所向往的英国式的宪政模式并没有让他在世的时候在奥地利实现,奥地利在维持了短暂的和平后就再一次面临普鲁士这一强劲对手的挑战,并最终丧失统一德意志的资格。1848年的欧洲革命彻底让梅特涅下台,他被标上了反动的标签。尽管如此,梅特涅的毕生工作是尽力将欧洲结合在一起,他相信等革命的力量被消耗掉,真正的建设时期总会来到。梅特涅的追求中还有一点值得我们关注：他怀着社会团结一致的渴望,这样的政治家是很少见的,像他那样切盼国际间团结一致的用心的外交家也是不多的。总而言之,虽然他确实阻碍了奥地利和中欧国家自由主义思想的发展,也残酷地镇压了民族主义运动,但是梅特涅是当时欧洲保守主义的巨擘,他创造的“梅特涅时代”确实给欧洲带来了一段时期的和平。另外,他在竭诚维护奥地利的国家利益方面,也是值得肯定的。
[Abstract]:In 18th century, Europe and the world as a whole entered an unprecedented period of change. Britain began the Industrial Revolution, ahead of the European countries. In 1789, the French Revolution rocked the European world. The victorious French revolution was inevitable with the military conflicts of other European powers that insisted on feudalism. Austria faced serious internal and external troubles, and Metterne was Austria's foreign minister and prime minister. In this changing times, it has become an important role. He pioneered an era named after him, the Metterne era, largely because of his understanding of the times, that is to say, his conservatism made him the leader of the time. Metterne was down-to-earth, realistic, or, so to speak, at the helm of the wind. He himself thought that all he wanted to achieve was the peace and order that the average man sought; that he wanted to maintain the old order, It was not because he could not accept new ideas, but because he believed that it was conducive to preserving European civilization. That is to say, his conservatism, though reactionary in general, was complex and could not be simplified. Metterne's conservatism demands a strong government at home and a balance of power outside. His whole set of conservative political ideas is to preserve the rule of feudal landlords and financial oligarchs. In his view, Peace and order are of paramount importance, and everything else should be served. Metterne's reform of Austria focused on the state bureaucracy. His reform was not original, but rather the inheritance of his predecessors. His greater success was in his knowledge of the emperor. He knew what the emperor needed and what he could get. But because of this, he was not able to gain all the trust of the emperor, and his reforms did not lead to better results. Even so, Because of his remarkable diplomatic achievements, his reforms left a deep enough mark on Austria. Although his ideas were conservative, sometimes he was too idealistic and, after repeated failures, he had to be more conservative. He created a more stable era. But after all, what he was defending was the political structure of feudal monarchy. His yearning for a British constitutional model did not allow him to realize it in Austria while he was alive. After maintaining a brief peace, Austria was once again challenged by Prussia, a formidable rival, and ultimately disqualified from unifying Germany. In 1848, when the European Revolution completely ousted Metterne, he was labelled reactionary. Nevertheless, Metterne's lifelong work was to bring Europe together, and he believed that the revolutionary forces would be consumed. The period of real construction will come. There is one thing we should pay attention to in the pursuit of Metterne: it is rare for such a politician to yearn for social solidarity, and to look forward to the international community as much as he does. Nor are there many diplomats with a concerted heart. All in all, although he did hinder the development of liberal ideas in Austria and Central Europe and brutally suppressed the nationalist movement, Metterne was a giant of European conservatism at the time. The "Metterne era" he created did indeed bring peace to Europe for a while, and his dedication to defending Austria's national interests was also commendable.
【学位授予单位】：浙江师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K521.3

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