美国对“非洲之角”的政策（1974-1977）

发布时间：2018-03-03 19:16

本文选题：美国　切入点：非洲之角　出处：《华东师范大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：1953年,美国艾森豪威尔政府与埃塞俄比亚正式建立盟友关系,这种关系在1960年代得到进一步巩固和发展。然而,1960年代初苏联对“非洲之角”的插手和美国1960年代末自身实力的下降迫使尼克松政府在非洲之角采取了战略“脱身”策略。与美国的收缩相比,苏联大大加强了在非洲之角的存在。1974年,苏联与索马里确定了友好同盟关系。同年,美国的传统盟国、索马里的宿敌——埃塞俄比亚也发生了军事政变,亲美的海尔·塞拉西王朝被推翻。这两个事件极大地改变了非洲之角的政治格局,并对美国的非洲之角政策造成极大冲击。在埃塞俄比亚“九·一二政变”发生后,美国政府一方面不断对军政府进行接触,了解其动向,另一方面通过提供援助来稳住军政府,进而维护美国在埃塞俄比业的巨大现实利益。但是,军政府的反美激进行为,特别是与苏联的接触迫使福特政府在提供援助方面显得极为谨慎。然而,基于美国在埃塞俄比亚的重大军事利益,福特政府“容忍”了埃塞俄比亚军政府的行为,继续审慎地向埃军政府提供军事援助。但是,美国政府在提供援助方面的谨慎和迟缓激怒了埃军政府,并被视为对埃塞俄比业军政府的敌视。1976年,埃塞俄比亚军政府与苏联达成第一个军事援助协议,从此逐渐滑向苏联阵营。面对军政府严重的侵犯人权行为和亲苏态度,1977年新当选的卡特总统立即终止了对埃援助,而军政府也以废除两国《共同防御援助协定》作为报复。与此相对应,军政府转而与苏联缔结了友好合作条约。然而,苏联与埃塞俄比亚的结盟促使索马里断然终结了与苏联的盟友关系,而美国则趁机与索马里迅速接触,从而填补了苏联撤出索马里留下的政治真空。因此,从1974年开始的短短几年间,美苏在非洲之角就完成了战略盟友关系的互换,而这种互换在相当程度上影响了美苏关系的发展,并改变了美国对苏联和“缓和”战略的看法。随着苏联在非洲的“大肆扩张”,美国在1970年代后期逐渐抛弃了“缓和”,对苏联转而采取强硬态度。因此,美苏在非洲之角的这次争夺正是促使美国对苏战略转型的重要因素之一。
[Abstract]:In 1953, the Eisenhower administration of the United States formally established an alliance with Ethiopia. This relationship was further consolidated and developed in the 1960s. However, the Soviet intervention in the Horn of Africa in the early 1960s and the decline in the strength of the United States in the late 1960s forced the Nixon administration to adopt a strategy of "decoupling" from the Horn of Africa. The "body" strategy. Compared with the contraction in the United States, The Soviet Union greatly strengthened its presence in the Horn of Africa. In 1974, the Soviet Union established a friendly alliance with Somalia. In the same year, the United States' traditional ally, Somalia's old enemy, Ethiopia, also had a military coup. The overthrow of the pro-American Haier Selassie dynasty has greatly changed the political landscape of the Horn of Africa and has had a tremendous impact on the United States' policy towards the Horn of Africa. After Ethiopia's September 12 coup, On the one hand, the United States Government has been in constant contact with the military junta to understand its movement, on the other hand, by providing assistance to stabilize the military junta, thereby safeguarding the enormous and realistic interests of the United States in Ethiopia and Russia. However, the military junta's anti-American radical behavior, Contacts with the Soviet Union, in particular, forced the Ford government to be extremely cautious in providing aid. However, the Ford administration "tolerated" the conduct of the Ethiopian military junta on the basis of the significant military interests of the United States in Ethiopia. The continued prudent provision of military assistance to the Egyptian military junta. However, the caution and slowness of the United States Government in providing such assistance has angered the Egyptian military junta and was considered hostile to the Ethiopian military junta. 1976, The Ethiopian military junta reached the first military aid agreement with the Soviet Union, and gradually slid to the Soviet camp. In the face of the military junta's serious human rights violations and pro-Soviet attitude, on 1977, newly elected President Carter immediately terminated his aid to Egypt. And the junta retaliated by repealing the two countries' Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement. In contrast, the junta concluded a treaty of friendship and cooperation with the Soviet Union. However, The alliance between the Soviet Union and Ethiopia prompted Somalia to end its alliance with the Soviet Union decisively, while the United States took the opportunity to quickly engage with Somalia, thus filling the political vacuum left by the Soviet Union's withdrawal from Somalia. In the few years since 1974, the United States and the Soviet Union have completed a strategic alliance swap in the Horn of Africa, which to a certain extent has affected the development of US-Soviet relations. And changed the United States' view of the Soviet Union and its "detente" strategy. With the Soviet Union's "wanton expansion" in Africa, the United States gradually abandoned "detente" in the late 1970s and adopted a tough attitude towards the Soviet Union. The US-Soviet battle in the Horn of Africa is one of the important factors that promote the strategic transition of the United States to the Soviet Union.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K153

【参考文献】