萨法维王朝对外交往研究

发布时间：2018-03-04 22:10

本文选题：萨法维　切入点：波斯　出处：《西北大学》2009年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 波斯是世界文明古国之一,早在公元前6世纪就建立了世界历史上第一个地跨欧亚非三洲的大帝国。在上古、中古时期,波斯因其地处东西方文明交往的必经之地,积极参与了世界文明交往活动,对促进世界文明交流作出了重要贡献。自公元七世纪开始,波斯先后经历了阿拉伯人、蒙古人等异族的统治,在世界文明交往活动中逐渐沉寂下来。在地理大发现、世界历史进入前资本主义的重要时期,波斯人重新建立了自己的王朝——萨法维王朝(1502-1736年),并发展成为当时与奥斯曼土耳其帝国、莫卧儿帝国并列的伊斯兰三大帝国之一,翻开了波斯对外交往的新篇章。萨法维王朝时期,波斯的主要竞争对手是奥斯曼土耳其帝国。两国因为政治、经济和宗教等冲突,进行了长达百年的战争,后经双边协定确立了两国间的边界。但是由于实力不济,波斯失去了至为重要的两河流域地区,政治中心从西部、北部逐渐东移。这为现代两伊战争的发生、以及困扰国际社会的库尔德问题埋下了伏笔。同时,萨法维王朝与奥斯曼土耳其的长期战争,有力地支持了当时欧洲诸国反对土耳其的斗争。位居波斯东北部的乌兹别克汗国,曾数次威胁萨法维王朝的呼罗珊地区。萨法维王朝进行了有力回击,在中亚开展均衡外交,保持中亚的政治均势。但是,东西两边的长期战事,以及由此带来的政治社会不稳定,导致传统陆路贸易的衰落,波斯对外交往的通道逐渐转移到海路。对于东边的莫卧儿帝国,萨法维王朝虽然与之有关于坎大哈问题的小规模军事冲突.但是出于两国历史上的友好往来,以及对中亚汗国的共同防御政策,两国之间从总体上看始终保持交好。这一政策,促进了两国之间广泛的经济文化交往。对于入侵南方海域的葡萄牙帝国,以及以商业贸易公司打头阵的荷兰、法国、英国等殖民主义者,萨法维波斯因军事力量的落后尤其是海军的缺乏,故以开放的姿态,利用它们彼此间的矛盾以及力量对比的变化,积极发展同这些国家的政治、军事和贸易往来。尤其是利用生丝贸易这一重要外交手段,寻求军事上的联盟,抵制他国的非分之想。萨法维王朝的这些政策,促进了与西方各国的相互往来,加速了资本主义初期世界市场的形成。同时又遏制了西方国家深入波斯内陆的任何企图,维护了国家的统一和独立。为了统一民众意志,激发爱国热忱,共同抵御外辱,萨法维的统治者从建国之初即宣布什叶派伊斯兰教为国教,并采取各种有力措施予以扶植。什叶派伊斯兰教是萨法维王朝对外交往的一面旗帜,在对外交往中什叶派伊斯兰教在波斯获得了长足发展,并逐渐上升为一种独立的政治力量.这为伊朗后来成为什叶派国家奠定了坚实的基础。萨法维王朝时期,波斯与东、西方国家展开了广泛的经济、文化交往,即使是与遥远的中国,亦有相互的经济文化往来.尽管萨法维王朝坚持什叶派伊斯兰教的国教地位,但对于其他非伊斯兰宗教保持了宽容和开放的态度,对于丰富波斯文明、促进世界文明交往提供了有力条件,同时也为西方教会势力的逐步深入创造了机会。萨法维王朝的对外交往是积极的、主动的、成功的。萨法维王朝时期文明交往呈现出多样性和复杂性特征;不同时期内部交往的状况,影响了萨法维王朝对外交往的水平;军事力量作为先进生产力的表现形式之一,是影响萨法维王朝对外交往活动的一个极为重要的制约因素。萨法维王朝的对外交往顺应了当时世界形势,为世界文明交往做出了新的贡献,同时也为后来伊朗历史的发展奠定了基础。
[Abstract]:Persian is one of the ancient civilizations in the world, as early as sixth Century BC established the first great empire on world history across the Eurasian three continents. In ancient times, the Medieval Persian, because of the cultural exchanges between East and west part of the land, and actively participate in the world's cultural exchanges and made great contribution to the promotion of the world civilization exchange. Since the beginning of seventh Century, Persia has experienced the Arabs, Mongols and other alien domination, gradually subsided in the world's cultural exchanges. In geographical discovery, an important period of the history of the world before entering capitalism, the Persians reestablished their Dynasty -- the Safavid Dynasty (1502-1736 years), and become the Osman and the Empire of Turkey, one of the three major Islamic Empire of Mughal Empire in parallel, opened a new chapter in the foreign exchanges.
During the Safavid Dynasty, is the main rival of Persia Osman Turkey empire. Because the two countries in political, economic and religious conflicts, a hundred years of war, after the bilateral agreement establishes the boundary between the two nations. But because of lack of strength, the Persian lost Mesopotamia is an important political center, from the West, north this is modern gradually eastward. The Iran Iraq war, the Kurdish problem plagued the international society as well as foreshadowed. At the same time, the long war with the Safavid Dynasty Osman of Turkey, the strong support of the European countries that oppose Turkey's struggle. In the northeast of Persia The Uzbek khanate, the threat of the Safavid Dynasty had several Khorasan region. The Safavid Dynasty made a strong comeback, to carry out balanced diplomacy in Central Asia, Central Asia to maintain the political balance. However, things on both sides of the long period of war, to The resulting political and social instability, leads to the decline of traditional land trade, the foreign exchanges channels gradually shifted to the sea. To the east of the Mughal Empire, the Safavid Dynasty although small-scale military conflicts on the Kandaha issue with it. But for the history of friendly exchanges between the two countries, and the common defense policy in Central Asia khanate, between the two countries on the whole remains befriend. This policy promotes extensive economic and cultural exchanges between the two countries. The invasion of the South Seas for the Portuguese Empire, as well as DaTouZhen commercial trading company in Holland, France, British colonialists, Safavi Bos because of military force behind especially the Navy the lack of it, with an open attitude, the contradiction between them and change the balance of power, with the positive development of the country's political, military and trade. In particular the use of silk trade this important diplomacy to seek military alliances, against his country. The Safavid Dynasty inordinate ambitions of these policies, to promote mutual exchanges with western countries, accelerate the formation of the world market at the initial stage of capitalism, any attempt to curb the West into the inland of Persia, maintaining unity and independent nation. In order to unify people will inspire patriotism, to resist the foreign invasion, the Safavid ruler announced that from the beginning of the founding of Shia Islam as the state religion, and take various effective measures to foster. Shia Islam is a banner of the Safavid Dynasty foreign exchanges, Islam has achieved great development in Persia in the Shia foreign exchanges, and gradually developed into an independent political force. This is Iran and later became a Shia state and laid a solid foundation. During the Safavid Dynasty, Persia and the eastern, western countries carried out extensive economic and cultural exchanges, and even the distant Chinese, also have mutual economic and cultural exchanges. In spite of the Safavid Dynasty to Shia Islam as the state religion, but for other non Islamic religions maintain a tolerant and open attitude, for the rich Persian civilization, promote world civilization exchanges provided favorable conditions, but also for the Western church gradually created opportunities.
The diplomacy of Safavid Dynasty is positive, active and successful. During the Safavid Dynasty civilization shows diversity and complexity in different periods; internal communication, had impact on the level of foreign exchanges; military forces as a representation of advanced productive forces, is a Safavid Dynasty's diplomatic activities the most important factors. The diplomacy of Safavid Dynasty conformed to the world situation at that time, the world civilization made a new contribution, but also for the subsequent development of Iran's history of the foundation.

【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K37

【参考文献】