迪斯累里与英国1874-1880年社会改革

发布时间：2018-03-08 06:42

本文选题：迪斯累里　切入点：托利民主　出处：《首都师范大学》2009年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 18世纪中期以后,英国工业化产生的社会矛盾逐渐暴露出来:贫富差距悬殊,失业状况严重,环境污染及与之相关疾病肆虐,工人住房简陋造成国民健康状况下降,资本家进行残酷剥削而不受法律制裁等等,广大下层民众对这些日益严重的社会问题产生了极度不满的情绪。与此同时,通过两次议会改革工人选民的数量有了很大提高,成为左右政党选举的重要力量。自由党、保守党为争取工人阶级支持,相继调整自己的执政思想并进行了有利于工人的社会改革。由此英国加快了民主化的进程。 60、70年代保守主义面临严重危机。作为保守党领袖,迪斯累里顺应时代的潮流,提出了“托利民主”这一进步思想。1874年迪斯累里组阁后,在工人住房、工会合法地位、公共卫生等方面实施一系列社会立法。这些进步政策不仅极大缓解了社会矛盾,而且在一定程度上改变了保守党“保守”、“守旧”的形象,扭转了保守党此前长期在野的不利局面。本文通过分析这一时期社会立法的背景、成因、内容和影响,旨在说明这期间的社会立法是英国民主进程的必然要求,是英国走向“福利式”国家过程中的必然产物。本文主要分为三部分: 第一部分,概述迪斯累里进行社会改革的背景。主要包括国际竞争面临的挑战,英国的经济霸权受到威胁;工业革命后社会问题的尖锐以及工人阶级地位的提高,社会改革刻不容缓;新的社会思潮出现后对贫困等社会问题的看法有了改变,认为解决这些问题不是个人的事,政府应该承担起更多的职责,从而为国家干预提供了可能;工人获得选举权后,选民数量增多,无论自由党还是保守党想要获得政权都必须求助占选民多数的中下民众的支持。因此无论自由党还是保守党纷纷调整政策,在竞选时提出吸引广大选民的口号,在当政过程中实行民主的社会改革。第二部分,介绍迪斯累里一生的政治活动,探求他改造保守主义的深层次原因,即在巩固贵族统治的基础上,实行一些适应工业资产阶级需要的社会改革和有利于人民大众的民主措施,争取选票扩大党的威信。重点论述了迪斯累里社会改革的过程和内容,其中《公共卫生法》、《工匠住宅法》、《工会法》取得了巨大成效。第三部分,对1874-1880年迪斯累里社会改革的评价。迪斯累里为保守主义增添了“托利民主”,并运用到社会实践进行社会改革,在这个过程中迪斯累里发挥了领袖作用。这些功绩的取得与他与生俱来的性格和女王的鼎力支持有关。最后分析改革的影响和局限性。这些进步政策在缓解社会问题、改善工人生活水平上起到了重要的作用,扩大了保守党的影响。但是这些改革是统治者在维护国家基本制度的前提下作出的让步,是不可能真正解决下层人民的生活困苦。
[Abstract]:After the middle of 18th century, the social contradictions caused by British industrialization gradually exposed: the gap between the rich and the poor, the serious unemployment, the environmental pollution and related diseases, the poor housing of workers caused the decline of national health. Capitalists have been brutally exploited without legal sanctions, and so on, and the majority of the lower classes have become extremely dissatisfied with these growing social problems. At the same time, the number of workers and voters who have been reformed twice through parliaments has increased considerably. In order to win the support of the working class, the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party successively adjusted their governing ideas and carried out social reforms in favour of workers. Thus, Britain accelerated the process of democratization. Conservatism faced a serious crisis in the 1960s and 1970s. As the leader of the Conservative Party, Disraeli followed the trend of the times and put forward the progressive idea of "Tory Democracy." after the establishment of the cabinet in Disraeli in 1874, workers' housing and the legal status of trade unions were established. A series of social legislation has been implemented in public health. These progressive policies have not only greatly alleviated social contradictions, but also changed to some extent the image of the Conservative Party as "conservative" and "old-fashioned". By analyzing the background, cause, content and influence of the social legislation of this period, this paper aims to show that the social legislation during this period is an inevitable requirement of the democratic process in Britain. It is the inevitable outcome of Britain's transition to a welfare state. This paper is divided into three parts:. The first part summarizes the background of the social reform in Disraeli. It mainly includes the challenge of international competition, the threat to Britain's economic hegemony, the sharp social problems after the Industrial Revolution and the improvement of the status of the working class. Social reform is urgent; after the emergence of new social trends of thought, the view on social problems such as poverty has changed, and it is not personal to solve these problems, and the government should take on more responsibilities, thus providing the possibility for state intervention; After the workers gained the right to vote, the number of voters increased, and both the Liberal and Conservative parties had to turn to the support of the majority of voters to gain power. So both the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party changed their policies. In the election campaign to attract a large number of voters in the process of democratic social reform. The second part introduces the political activities of Disraeli's life and explores the deep reasons for his reform of conservatism, that is, on the basis of the consolidation of aristocratic rule, Carrying out some social reforms adapted to the needs of the industrial bourgeoisie and democratic measures in favour of the masses of the people, in order to win votes and expand the prestige of the Party, and focusing on the process and content of the social reform in Disraeli. Among them, the Public Health Act, the Trades and Crafts Housing Act and the Trade Union Law have achieved great results. The third part is an evaluation of the social reform in Disraeli from 1874-1880. Disraeli added "Tory Democracy" to conservatism and applied it to social practice to carry out social reform. In the process Disraeli played a leading role. These achievements were related to his innate character and the Queen's great support. Finally, the impact and limitations of the reforms were analyzed. These progressive policies have alleviated social problems. Improving workers' living standards has played an important role in expanding the Conservative Party's influence. But these reforms are concessions made by the rulers on the premise of maintaining the basic system of the country, and it is impossible to truly solve the plight of the underclass.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K561.4

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