情报机构在苏联首颗原子弹研制中的作用

发布时间：2018-03-09 09:42

本文选题：情报机构　切入点：库尔恰托夫　出处：《陕西师范大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 本文主要研究的是苏联情报机构在苏联原子弹研制当中的作用。卫国战争爆发后,苏联核裂变研究陷入停滞。苏联政府正是通过情报机构才获悉国外原子弹研制的最新进展,从而在1942年底1943年初重新启动核研究计划。随后,以库尔恰托夫为首的苏联科学家利用情报机构不断提供的英美原子弹研制方面的最新情报,全力以赴进行研究。1945年8月,美国原子弹在日本爆炸后,苏联动员全国的人力物力加速研制,终于在1949年试爆成功首颗原子弹。本文试图利用最新解密的苏联历史档案,对这个问题作以探讨。本文共分五个部分。绪论部分主要介绍了本文选题的原由、意义及国内外研究的现状。第一节概述了卫国战争爆发前各国原子弹研制的进展状况以及早期情报机构对核裂变研究的关注。第二节是论文的核心部分。主要讲述了卫国战争期间情报机构对苏联原子弹研制的推动作用。卫国战争爆发后,苏联核研究陷入停滞状态。由于各种原因,情报机构初期获取的情报并未受到重视。但是随着情报的增多,苏联领导人逐渐改变了对此事的看法。1942年3月贝利亚对前期收到的情报进行了总结,并向斯大林递呈了报告。1943年初,卫国战争形势好转,苏联制定了一系列政策,重新启动自己的原子弹研制计划。情报机构的工作力度也大大加强,英美在原子弹研制方面的最新情报源源不断的传回苏联国内,为苏联科学家的核研究工作提供了很大便利。从库尔恰托夫对情报的总结和评估中就可以看出情报机构在苏联首颗原子弹研制过程中的巨大作用。第三节主要讲述战后情报机构与苏联的原子弹研制的关系。二战结束后,苏联和英美从盟友变成了冷战的对手,苏联情报机构进行情报活动的有利条件逐渐丧失,作用也逐渐减少,但是它在战争期间所获得的情报已经为战后的研制打下了良好的基础。1945年,美国原子弹在日本爆炸成功后,苏联原子弹研制工作开始加速,并且在1949年8月试爆成功。美英等国大为震惊,从而在西方国家引发了一系列原子间谍案。这从一个侧面证明了苏联情报机构在苏联原子弹研制过程中的作用。结束语部分从情报机构对苏联政府决策的影响,对苏联核研究提供的巨大帮助等方面对其在苏联首颗原子弹研制中所起的作用进行了全面公正的评价。
[Abstract]:This paper mainly studies the role of Soviet intelligence agencies in the development of Soviet atomic bombs. After the outbreak of the Patriotic War, the Soviet Union's nuclear fission research came to a standstill. It was through the intelligence agencies that the Soviet government was informed of the latest developments in the development of atomic bombs abroad. Then on end of 1942, on early 1943, the nuclear research program was restarted. Then Soviet scientists, led by Kurtatov, made full use of the latest information provided by intelligence agencies on the development of the British and American atomic bombs. In August 1945, After the explosion of the American atomic bomb in Japan, the Soviet Union mobilized the manpower and material resources of the whole country to accelerate the development of the atomic bomb, and finally succeeded in the first atomic bomb explosion in 1949. This paper attempts to use the newly declassified historical archives of the Soviet Union to discuss this problem. This paper is divided into five parts. The introduction part mainly introduces the reason, significance and the present situation of the research at home and abroad. The first section summarizes the progress of atomic bomb development before the outbreak of the Patriotic War and the concerns of early intelligence agencies on nuclear fission research. The second section is the core part of the thesis. It mainly describes the role of the intelligence agencies in promoting the development of the atomic bomb in the Soviet Union during the Patriotic War. After the outbreak of the Patriotic War, the nuclear research of the Soviet Union came to a standstill. Intelligence that was initially acquired by intelligence agencies was not taken seriously. But with the increase in intelligence, Soviet leaders gradually changed their views on the matter. In March 1942, Beria summarized the information received earlier. And submitted a report to Stalin in early 1943, when the situation of the Patriotic War improved, the Soviet Union formulated a series of policies to restart its atomic bomb development program, and the work of the intelligence agencies was greatly strengthened. The latest information from Britain and the United States on the development of the atomic bomb continued to spread back to the Soviet Union. From the summary and evaluation of intelligence, we can see the great role of intelligence agencies in the development of the first atomic bomb in the Soviet Union. The third section mainly deals with the relationship between the intelligence agencies after the war and the development of the atomic bomb of the Soviet Union. After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States and the United States changed from allies to Cold War adversaries, and the favorable conditions for Soviet intelligence agencies to carry out intelligence activities were gradually lost. Its role has gradually diminished, but the information it gained during the war has laid a good foundation for postwar development. In 1945, after the successful explosion of the American atomic bomb in Japan, Soviet atomic bomb development began to accelerate. In August 1949, the explosion was successful. The United States and Britain were shocked, thus triggering a series of atomic espionage cases in the West, which proved the role of Soviet intelligence agencies in the development of the atomic bomb in the Soviet Union. The conclusion part makes a comprehensive and fair evaluation on the role of the intelligence agencies in the development of the first atomic bomb in the Soviet Union from the aspects of the influence of the intelligence agencies on the decision-making of the Soviet government and the great help provided by the Soviet Union in nuclear research.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K512.5

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