帕麦斯顿政府的自由主义实践研究

发布时间：2018-03-20 09:06

本文选题：英国　切入点：帕麦斯顿　出处：《陕西师范大学》2007年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：帕麦斯顿占据英国首相之位近10年之久，人们对他的认识更多地来自于他的“海外好战”。本文将通过对1855-1865年英国国内和国外众多政策和政治事件的整体性研究，展现一个与以往不同的、真实的帕麦斯顿，揭示帕麦斯顿是如何按照自由主义的理念管理1855-1865年的英国事务，如何为建立一个高效、公平和宽容的政府而努力，通过其政治行为展现十九世纪英国自由主义理论和现实运动之间的关系。1855-1865年间，英国自由主义处于一个相对稳定的积聚力量、蓄势待发的过渡时期。帕麦斯顿的成就在于：将自由主义力量汇聚为一个整体，建立了现代意义上的英国自由党；他通过对国家事务的稳健管理和对国家机器的制度化建设，使英国由贵族政治向民主政治过渡；他用宽容的精神处理宗教分歧，促进了社会的和睦；使外交国防政策的需要和财政压力之间形成平衡。帕麦斯顿对自由主义的贡献，并非一套学说或理论，而是他所认同的、用以指导十九世纪英国自由主义政治实践的信念与原则。关于帕麦斯顿政府的自由主义政治实践，国内学术界少有问津，研究较多的是帕麦斯顿的外交政策。西方学术界对帕麦斯顿与英国自由主义的研究虽然较为深入，但有意见分歧，，对帕麦斯顿的评价更是褒贬不一。鉴于此，本文试图以帕麦斯顿与英国自由主义政治实践为主线，阐释这一时期英国的政治生活，并对身为政治家和外交家的帕麦斯顿形成较为全面、完整的认识。本文的基本观点是：帕麦斯顿是英国自由主义政治实践中的重要人物。他卓有成效的行政管理、稳健灵活的对外政策及其政府的稳定存在，为英国自由主义顺利地在议会改革的时代背景下进一步发展提供了不可或缺的保证。在英国自由主义发展史上，帕麦斯顿是守成型自由主义与改良型自由主义之间的桥梁。本文具体包含以下四个部分：第一部分，概述帕麦斯顿自由主义的渊源。洛克、斯密和边沁、密尔的自由主义传统是帕麦斯顿自由主义的理论来源；帕麦斯顿从政的早期生涯，促使其自由主义理念逐步形成，帕麦斯顿从实践中习得了自由主义。第二部分，主要论述帕麦斯顿领导的两届政府(1855-1858)、(1859-1865)时期的自由主义内政实践。主要包括三个问题：公职人员的素养问题，财政政策分歧问题和宗教问题，来试图分别说明亚当·斯密和约翰·洛克的国家理论与政治实际的结合情况。帕麦斯顿顺应了英国工业化社会的要求，演绎了被边沁改造过的19世纪英国自由主义所特有的和平、渐进式变革的理念，实现了贵族地主的政治利益和工业资产阶级的经济利益的渐进妥协；并基于现实需要对自由主义理论进行了取舍。第三部分，论述了帕麦斯顿的自由主义外交实践。19世纪50、60年代，国际上出现了一系列外交冲突，在克里米亚战争、中英第二次鸦片战争和意大利统一、美国内战中，英国采用战争手段或和平的、不干涉手段，都是以维护自由贸易为基点，实行的是自由主义的外交政策。第四部分，论述自由主义的执政风格及帕麦斯顿与英国自由党和自由主义的融合。帕麦斯顿时代的成功统治有赖于他的政府的广泛包容性和民意力量的支持。帕麦斯顿通过实现阶级间的合作，将维多利亚中期的各种进步力量汇聚为自由主义的洪流，开创了自由主义的未来。
[Abstract]:The British Prime Minister Palmerston accounted for nearly 10 years, people know more from his "overseas" policy to him. This paper will study the integrity of the British 1855-1865 years of domestic and foreign many policy and political events, show a different from the past, the real Pa Max Don, Pa Max Don reveals how to the idea of liberalism management 1855-1865 years of British affairs, how to establish an efficient, fair and tolerant government efforts to show the nineteenth Century British liberalism theory and realistic movement between.1855-1865 years through its political behavior, British liberalism was in a relatively stable accumulation of power, the transition period is ready. Palmerston "s achievement is: will the liberal forces together as a whole, the establishment of the modern sense of the British Liberal Party; he passed on the country Sound management of affairs and system construction of nation machine, make the transition from British aristocracy to democracy; he used the spirit of religious differences treatment tolerance, promote social harmony; made a balance between the needs of foreign and defense policies and financial pressure. Pa Max Don of the liberal contribution, not a doctrine or theory but, he acknowledged, with faith and the guiding principles of the nineteenth Century British liberalism political practice.
Liberalism political practice on the Pa Max Don administration, domestic academic circles paid little attention, more research is Pa Max Don's foreign policy. The western academic research on Pa Max Don and the British liberalism though deeply, but there are differences of opinion, it is mixed on Palmerston "s evaluation. In view of this, this article attempts to Palmerston and British liberalism political practice as the main line, explain the situation of British political life, and as a statesman and diplomat of Palmerston formed a more comprehensive, complete understanding.
The basic point is this: Pa Max Don is an important figure in British liberalism political practice. He has very fruitful administrative management, foreign policy and the government of flexible and robust stability, as British liberalism smoothly in parliamentary reform under the background of further development provides an indispensable guarantee. In the history of the development of British liberalism. Pa Max Don is a bridge between liberalism and keep the improved molding liberalism.
This article contains the following four parts:
The first part outlines the origin of Pa Max Don, liberalism. Rock, Smith and Bentham, mill's liberalism tradition is the theoretical source of Pa Max Don's liberalism; Palmerston "s early career in politics, the liberal philosophy gradually formed Pa Max Don acquisition of liberalism from practice.
The second part mainly discusses Palmerston "s leadership and the government's two (1855-1858), (1859-1865) the liberal practice period. Mainly includes three issues: the accomplishment of public officials, financial policy differences and religious issues, trying to illustrate with the state and political theory of Adam Smith and John Locke's actual Palmerston. Conform to the British industrialized society, the interpretation of the transformed by Bentham in the nineteenth Century British liberal special peace and progressive change of concept, implement progressive political compromise junkerdom interests and the industrial bourgeois economic interests; and based on the practical needs of the liberal theory of choice.
The third part discusses Palmerston liberalism diplomatic practice.19 century 50,60, a series of international diplomatic conflicts, the war in Crimea, in the second Opium War and the unification of Italy, the American Civil War, the British used the means of war or peace, no interference means are to maintain free trade as the starting point that is the implementation of liberal foreign policy.
The fourth part discusses the fusion of liberalism and ruling style Palmer Maston and the British Liberal Party and the liberal rule of PA Maston era. Success depends on his government's inclusive and broad public support. Maston, through the cooperation of different classes, the progressive forces of the mid Vitoria convergence of the tide of liberalism, created the future of liberalism.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K561.4

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