南斯拉夫寻求美国援助的缘起和经过（1948—1953）

发布时间：2018-03-23 12:56

本文选题：南斯拉夫　切入点：铁托　出处：《陕西师范大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 1948年苏南冲突后的南斯拉夫极端孤立，不仅面临以苏联为首的东方阵营的攻击，同样也面对一个强烈反共产主义的西方。为了国家的生存与独立，南斯拉夫领导人不得不寻求美国的援助和支持。本文主要依据现有的资料，，试图从南斯拉夫角度出发，以苏南冲突后南斯拉夫寻求美国经济和军事援助为切入点和主要线索，详细论述1948年苏南冲突到1953年美国对南斯拉夫经济和军事援助第一阶段结束这一段时期内，南斯拉夫寻求美国援助的缘起和经过，并分析美国援助对南斯拉夫国家发展的影响。在冷战进入高潮和两大阵营尖锐对立的情况下，南斯拉夫从本民族利益出发，经过艰苦的探索，最终获得美国大量的经济和军事援助，找到一条符合南斯拉夫国情的社会主义道路。尽管这一决策在很大程度上是被迫的，但毕竟为广大第三世界国家的独立发展提供了榜样和经验，因而研究这一课题有着显而易见的现实意义。从学术上说，1948—1953年南斯拉夫与美国的关系很少有学者涉及。即使有所论述，也大都是从美国角度出发进行研究的，所以进行此研究对于丰富战后国际关系的研究无疑是有益的。本文分为三部分：引言、正文和结语。引言主要阐述目前国内外学术界关于这一领域的研究现状。正文第一部分论述南斯拉夫寻求美国援助的原因，分析苏南冲突及此后苏联组织的情报局国家对南斯拉夫的经济封锁、政治隔离和军事威胁迫使南斯拉夫不得不另寻它路。在与社会主义阵营决裂后，南斯拉夫领导人决定借助美国的支持与援助，抵制苏联为首的社会主义阵营的围攻，从而维护国家生存与独立；而美国则试图利用南斯拉夫作为瓦解苏东阵营和遏制苏联的楔子，以取得对苏冷战的优势。正是南美两国出于各自的利益需要，才使得南斯拉夫寻求美国的援助成为可能。正文第二部分讨论南斯拉夫寻求美国经济援助的经过。全面论述南美双方从最初谨慎的试探性接触到1953年援助援助第一阶段结束，分析南斯拉夫争取美国放宽出口管制、获得信贷和贷款、无偿经济援助及有计划经济援助的渐进的援助过程。指出正是苏南冲突后寻求美国援助的需要导致南斯拉夫领导人思想观念的变化；同时，他们思想观念的变化又进一步促进了美国提供更大规模援助。正文第三部分论述南斯拉夫寻求美国军事援助的过程。分析朝鲜战争之前南美两国关于苏联入侵南斯拉夫可能性的分析及采取的行动；朝鲜战争之后由于感到苏联军事威胁的迫近，为了维护本国的安全，南斯拉夫开始寻求美国的军事援助。同时探讨南斯拉夫政府在争取援助过程中开展的一些亲美宣传，这些措施有助于美国给予南斯拉夫更大程度的援助。正文第四部分集中论述美国援助对南斯拉夫国内外政策的影响，重点分析了南斯拉夫在冲突后对外政策的调整，改变了战后初期强硬的反西方态度，在逐步改善与邻国(奥地利、希腊和意大利)关系的基础上与西方和解，以此促进美国的更大援助；对内政策上，在坚持国家独立和社会主义制度的前提下，进行了一系列的内政改革，形成了工人自治和分权化具有南斯拉夫特色的社会主义道路。这样通过内外政策的逐步改变，南斯拉夫在争取美国援助的同时，也最大限度维护了南斯拉夫的民族利益和国家独立。结语归纳全文并分析这一时期南美关系，正是由于美国的援助，使得南斯拉夫在增强了与苏联抗衡的能力和维护了南斯拉夫的主权与独立的同时，有可能实施其经济发展计划；更重要的是，在获得美国援助的同时，南斯拉夫没有牺牲本国的根本利益。南斯拉夫之所以成功地获得美国的经济军事援助，在很大程度上在于冷战这一特殊的国际环境，也在于其国内政治稳定及其领导层的积极主动、灵活务实的对外政策。不可否认的是，南斯拉夫寻求美国的援助对冷战中的美国和苏联都产生了一定的影响。
[Abstract]:In 1948 the South of Jiangsu conflict in Yugoslavia after the extreme isolation, not only faced by the Soviet Union and the Eastern bloc attack, also face a strong anti Communist in the West. In order to survive and independent countries, Yugoslavia's leaders have to seek U.S. assistance and support. This paper mainly based on the existing data, attempts from the perspective of Yugoslavia, to the conflict in South of Jiangsu after Yugoslavia to seek U.S. economic and military aid as the starting point and the main clue, discusses the conflict in South of Jiangsu in 1948 and 1953 in the United States of Yugoslavia economic and military assistance in the first phase of the end of this period, the origin of Yugoslavia to seek U.S. assistance and after, and to analyze the impact of U.S. assistance to Yugoslavia's national development.
In the cold war and the climax of the two camps in sharp contrast to the situation in Yugoslavia from the national interests, through arduous exploration, get a lot of economic and military aid to the United States, find a way to meet the conditions of the Yugoslavia socialist. Although this decision is forced to a great extent, provides example and experience but after all, for the independent development of the third world countries, so the research of this subject has realistic meaning obviously. Academically, the relationship between Yugoslavia and the United States in 1953 1948, few scholars involved. Even some discussion, mostly from the United States were studied, which is good so the study to enrich the post-war international relations.
This article is divided into three parts: introduction, text and conclusion.
The introduction mainly expounds the current research status of the academic circles at home and abroad on this field.
The first part discusses the reasons for the assistance of the United States of Yugoslavia, South of Jiangsu and the Soviet Union since the conflict analysis of information organization of Yugoslavia Bureau of state economic blockade, political isolation and military threats to force Yugoslavia to find its way. In a break with the socialist camp, Yugoslavia's leaders decided to use the support and assistance of the United States against the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union. The siege, so as to maintain the survival and independent countries; the United States is trying to use Yugoslavia as the collapse of Soviet Union and Eastern camp and the containment of the Soviet Union wedge, in order to obtain the advantages of cold war against the Soviet Union. It is for their own interests between the two countries in South America, which makes Yugoslavia to seek the assistance of the United States has become possible.
The second part discusses Yugoslavia looking for American economic aid. After a comprehensive discussion of the South American contact between the two sides from the exploratory first cautious to the end of the first stage of 1953 for American aid, analysis of Yugoslavia to relax export control, access to credit and loans, free economic aid and progressive aid process planned economic assistance. It is pointed out that the need to seek U.S. aid to South of Jiangsu after the conflict led to changes in Yugoslavia's leaders ideas; at the same time, the change of their ideas and further promote the United States to provide more aid.
The third part discusses Yugoslavia to seek U.S. military aid. The analysis before the Korean War on the Soviet invasion of Yugoslavia the possibility of the two countries in South America and action; after the Korean War was approaching the Soviet military threat, in order to safeguard the national security, Yugoslavia began to seek U.S. military aid. At the same time, the government of Yugoslavia to strive to carry out in the aid process some of the pro american propaganda, these measures will help the United States to give Yugoslavia more aid.
The fourth part focuses on the influence of American aid to Yugoslavia's domestic and foreign policy, focusing on Yugoslavia's foreign policy adjustment in post conflict, change the postwar tough anti Western attitude, gradually improving with neighbouring countries (Austria, Greece and Italy) on the basis of the relationship with the Western settlement, so as to promote more American aid of; policy, adhering to the national independence and the socialist system, carried out a series of internal reform, the formation of the socialist road workers autonomy and decentralization has the characteristics of Yugoslavia. So by changing the internal and external policy in Yugoslavia, for the assistance of the United States at the same time, also maximize the national interests of Yugoslavia and the country's independence.
The conclusion is a summary and analysis of the Latin American relations during this period, it is because of the assistance of the United States, made Yugoslavia stronger with the Soviet Union and the maintenance of Yugoslavia's sovereignty and independence, are likely to implement its plan for economic development; more importantly, in obtaining the assistance of the United States and Yugoslavia, without sacrificing fundamental national interest. Yugoslavia has successfully obtained economic and military aid from the United States, this is a special international cold war environment to a great extent, but also in its domestic political stability and leadership initiative, flexible and pragmatic foreign policy. It is undeniable that Yugoslavia sought assistance from the United States have a certain effect in the cold war in the United States and the Soviet Union.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K543.54

【参考文献】