英国的社区发展与城市复兴（20世纪-21世纪初）

发布时间：2018-03-29 00:31

本文选题：英国　切入点：社区　出处：《陕西师范大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 英国是最早经历工业化、城市化的国家,也是最早被社会问题困扰的国家,尤其在经历了第二次世界大战之后,英国的城市遭到了极大的破坏。虽然英国政府在战后初期兴起城市复兴运动,但也只是在表层缓解了战后紧张局势,从根本上并没有解决社会问题,此时社区方案应运而生,从社区运动的兴起、“社区发展项目”的出台到“以社区为基础的经济发展”策略规划指导,再到“社区新政”及邻里方案的实施,社区最终从城市复兴的边缘者走向了主体地位,成为政府和市场之外的第三级力量。社区发展也从最初的自助救济形式转向了以政府为指导,以社区为主体多级伙伴关系共同行动的模式,城市复兴也从物质更新转变为社会、经济和环境的全面复兴,从而推动了英国城市的多元化、社区化、民主化和综合化发展。本文将社区发展与第二次世界大战后英国的城市复兴运动两者结合起来,从社区在城市复兴中的发展演变历程入手,分析社区发展的方案是如何从边缘走向主体地位,成为解决社会问题的有效方式,并对城市复兴产生积极的影响,使城市从物质更新走向社区更新,从单向发展迈入全面复兴。本文主要包括五个部分。第一部分,概览了英国社区的研究现状,总结了“社区”的概念特征,并考察了1945年以前的社区发展历史。鉴于国内外多侧重于社会学研究,本文尝试从历史的角度看待社区在英国城市复兴中的发展历程,对更好地认识英国历史上的社区有着重要的意义。第二部分,主要阐述了第二次世界大战结束后英国初期的城市复兴运动。英国政府所实施的策略,不管是兴办住房、建设新城还是城市规划都偏重于物质的更新和重建,主要是短期的、需求管理和规划政策的产物,而对社会问题则缺乏深刻的思考,认为仅靠政府的福利措施就可以解决社会需求。事实证明,政府的需求管理和单向保障带来了沉重的财政负担和许多社会问题,显示出政府的无力。第三部分,分别按照时间段论述了英国城市复兴下的社区发展。20世纪60年代末到70年代末,社区处于初级发展阶段。随着社区运动的兴起,“社区发展项目”作为主体城市项目“城市规划”的辅助实验性方案出台,提倡以社区为单位应对城市问题,强调社区参与,但疗效并不佳;70年代末到90年代末,社区发展经历了两个阶段,先转向以市场为先导的“以社区为基础的经济发展”策略,后又转向综合的伙伴关系,成为政府和市场之外的第三级力量;到了90年代末,随着新工党的上台,社区上升为城市复兴的主体,社区发展也从最初的社会救济,转变为城市的经济、环境和社会的全面发展,从物质更新转为社区复兴。第四部分,论述了社区发展对英国城市复兴的影响。它改变了城市复兴的发展方向,从物质更新转为社区更新;推动了城市多元化发展,由单一化走向多元化;完善了社会服务,使之更加人性化;并实现了社会保障社区化,减轻了福利国家的负担;最终促进了城市民主化建设。第五部分,总结了英国社区发展的模式,以及对英国社会产生的重要意义。不但形成社区互助与政府救助相结合的多元行动机制,而且还形成社区参与群体多样化、服务网络多元化的参与模式;并建立起职责明确的分散规划模式,最终形成新工党时期以“第三条道路”为指导的社区综合复兴,使英国社会走上良性发展的道路;同时还进一步展望了社区发展的未来,它将从有形的地域社区趋向于无形的虚拟社区。
[Abstract]:England is the first experience of industrialization, the city state, is also the earliest social problems afflicting the country, especially after the Second World War, the city was destroyed. Although the British government the rise of City Renaissance in the early postwar period, but only in the surface to ease the post-war tensions, from the fundamental can not solve social problems, the community scheme came into being, from the rise of community movement, "community development project" Introduction to "strategic planning guidance based on community economic development", then to "the implementation of community and neighborhood deal" scheme, finally from the revival of the city community edge towards the main position the government and the market, become the third force. The community development from the initial self relief form to the government as a guide, community-based multi-level partnership The mode of action of City Renaissance also from the material update for social change, the revival of the economy and the environment, so as to promote the diversification of British city community, democracy and comprehensive development. The community development and the Second World War the British city revival movement in the two together, starting from the development in the community the revitalization of the city history, analysis of community development plan is how to go from the edge of the main position, become the effective way to solve the social problems, and have a positive impact on the city renewal, city renewal towards community updates from the material, from one-way development into the overall rejuvenation.
This article mainly includes five parts.
The first part, an overview of the research status of the British community, summed up the concept of "community", and the effects of community development history before 1945. In view of the domestic and foreign research focus in the society, this paper attempts to look at the development process of the city community in England in the Renaissance from the perspective of history, has an important significance for the better understanding the history of England community.
The second part mainly expounds the city revival movement in the United Kingdom early after the Second World War. The British government's strategy, whether it is in housing, the construction of the metro or city planning emphasizes material renewal and reconstruction, mainly short-term, product demand management and planning policy, and lack of social problems deep thinking, think what government welfare measures can address the needs of the society. In fact, demand management of the government and the security check has brought a heavy financial burden and many social problems, shows that the government is powerless.
The third part discusses respectively in accordance with the time under the British Renaissance city community development.20 century at the end of 60s to the end of 70s, the community is in the primary stage of development. With the development of community sports, "the introduction of auxiliary experimental scheme of community development projects" as the main city project "city planning", advocate the city community as a unit dealing with the problem and emphasize community participation, but the effect is poor; at the end of 70s to the end of 90s, the community development has experienced two stages, the first to take the market as the forerunner of "community-based economic development strategy, and then to the comprehensive partnership between the government and the market, become the third force; by the end of 90s with power, new labour, as the main body of the revival of the city community rise, community development from the original social relief, into the city's economic development, the environment and society, from Quality updates turn to community rejuvenation.
The fourth part discusses the influence of community development of City Renaissance in England. It changed the direction of the revival of the city, from the material update to update the city community; to promote the diversified development, from a single diversified; perfect the social service, make it more humane; and implementation of community social security, reduce the the welfare burden of the state; to promote the city construction of democracy.
The fifth part summarizes the British community development model, and the significance of the British society. Not only the formation of multiple action mechanism of community mutual aid combining with the government, but also the formation of community participation in community service network mode diversification, diversified participation; and establish clear responsibilities decentralized planning mode, resulting in comprehensive community revitalization the new labour period to "the third road" as the guide, the British society took to the road of healthy development; also further prospect of community development in the future, it will be visible from the local community tend to virtual community invisible.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K561

【参考文献】