凯末尔时期土耳其妇女解放问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-31 17:10

本文选题：凯末尔时代　切入点：妇女解放运动　出处：《山西大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：土耳其妇女的解放思潮觉醒于19世纪初期。随着奥斯曼帝国日益衰落,一些开明的知识分子认识到想要恢复帝国荣耀,就必须向西方学习,走世俗的现代化道路。其中一些上层人士和精英团体在借鉴与模仿西方模式的过程中,开始意识到妇女阶层在历史进程中的重要作用。坦志马特时期,改革者就曾通过建立女子学校为妇女争取受教育权,哈米德二世时期,解放思潮已经在潜移默化中对妇女团体产生影响,至青年土耳其党时期,妇女的世俗权利不仅在教育领域,同时也在法律方面逐渐扩大。虽然在奥斯曼帝国末期,国家仍处于教权控制之下,妇女权利并未彻底实现,但是妇女解放思潮在此时已经开始生根发芽。20世纪初期,凯末尔执政以来,他先后废除苏丹制和哈里发制,建立独立的土耳其共和国,并且致力于开展解放土耳其妇女运动。在进行世俗化改革的过程中,他针对妇女解放问题采取了四方面的措施:政治方面,废除伊斯兰教奉行的沙里亚法,颁布法典赋予土耳其女性在婚姻、财产、继承、选举与被选举权等方面的权利,使女性作为一个公民拥有独立的政治权力;教育方面,普及女性受教育权,创建男女同校制度,提高土耳其妇女思想和教育水平,为参与政治和经济生活创造条件;经济领域,扩大妇女在农业、工业以及服务业的比例,颁布《劳动法》保护妇女的工作时长、时薪不受剥削,使妇女阶层逐渐成为现代化建设中不可忽视的力量;社会生活方面,废除女性佩戴面纱、身穿长袍的旧习,鼓励女性建立属于自己的团体组织,丰富女性文化生活,将妇女从家庭生活中解放,创造一个崭新的土耳其妇女形象。凯末尔通过世俗改革使妇女阶层摆脱了几个世纪以来宗教的束缚,妇女长期被压抑的精神生活获得解放,她们从家庭的附属品逐渐过渡成为独立的个体。新的土耳其妇女形象造就了崭新的现代生活观念,同时也为社会的发展树立了新风。回顾历史,在共和国初期凯末尔指导下的妇女解放运动虽然同世界其他发达国家相比依然存在差距,但这种传统主义与现代主义冲突下的妇女解放运动不仅是中东地区,同时也是世界其他国家值得研究和探讨的重要问题。
[Abstract]:The emancipation trend of Turkish women was awakened in the early 19 th century.With the decline of the Ottoman Empire, some enlightened intellectuals realized that in order to restore the glory of the Empire, they had to learn from the West and follow the secular road of modernization.In the process of learning from and imitating the western model, some upper class and elite groups began to realize the important role of women's stratum in the historical process.In Tanzimat's time, reformers fought for women's right to education through the establishment of girls' schools. During the reign of Hamid II, liberation trends had a subtle influence on women's groups, until the time of the Youth Turkish Party.Women's secular rights are expanding not only in the field of education, but also in law.Although at the end of the Ottoman Empire, the country was still under the control of religious power and the rights of women were not fully realized, the trend of thought of women's liberation began to take root at this time.He abolished the Sultan system and the caliphate, established an independent Turkish republic, and devoted himself to the liberation of Turkish women's movement.In the course of the secularization reform, he took four measures in response to the emancipation of women: politically, by abolishing the sharia law practised by Islam, and by promulgating a code that gave Turkish women the right to marriage, property, inheritance,The right to vote and the right to be elected gives women independent political power as a citizen; in the field of education, the right of women to education is popularized, the system of coeducation is created, and the level of thought and education of Turkish women is improved.Create conditions for participation in political and economic life; increase the proportion of women in agriculture, industry and services in the economic sphere; enact the Labour Code to protect women from exploitation of their hours of work and hourly pay,In social life, the old custom of women wearing veils and robes was abolished, and women were encouraged to set up their own organizations to enrich their cultural life.Liberate women from family life and create a new image of Turkish women.Kemal, through the secular reform, freed the women class from the bondage of religion for centuries, liberated the long-suppressed spiritual life of women, and gradually transformed them from family accessories to independent individuals.The new image of Turkish women not only creates a new concept of modern life, but also sets up a new trend for the development of society.Recalling the history of the women's liberation movement under the guidance of Kemal in the early days of the Republic, although there is still a gap compared to other developed countries in the world, this traditionalist and modernist movement of women's liberation is not only in the Middle East,At the same time, it is also an important issue worth studying and discussing in other countries of the world.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K374

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