美国知识分子与美国核战略思想的演变（1945-1960）

发布时间：2018-03-31 16:59

本文选题：美国知识分子　切入点：核武器　出处：《华东师范大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：二十世纪四五十年代,核武器与冷战形势的出现和不断发展,带动了美国知识界围绕着核武器与国家战略进行了广泛的思考,在社会科学界造就了一批研究核战略的战略学者(又称民间战略家),如布罗迪、福克斯、沃尔弗斯、瓦伊纳、奥斯古德、谢林、基辛格、卡恩、沃尔斯泰特、考夫曼、希契、特纳、哈恩、卡普兰、希尔斯曼、坎内尔等。这些学者通过出版著作、发表文章、撰写报告、发表演讲等多种方式充分表达了自己的思想,涉及内容广泛,产生了优秀而丰富的思想成果,涉及核武器的军事与政治意义与影响、核武器与威慑战略、全面战争与有限战争理论、恐怖平衡理论、核武器对一般国际关系以及西方同盟关系的影响、核武器与民防计划、核武器的控制、核裁军、核扩散等诸多问题。这些思想是与冷战时代核武器及其形势的发展、与美国国家核战略的发展相伴而行的。有些是对核武器本身影响的思考,有些是对美苏冷战特别是核军备竞赛形势的反应,有些是对美国官方核战略的批评和建议,还有对核威胁下民众安全与生活的关怀。这些思考与讨论,通常与官方的核政策产生一些互动,有些观点或许被政府和军方采纳从而对官方的政策产生影响；或许不被采纳,但也会为官方或民众看待这些问题开阔了视野、增加了角度。其中在五十年代,他们围绕着“大规模报复”战略,对热核时代的威慑战略的思考与讨论,带动了美国朝野各界对当时美国核战略的广泛探讨,为五十年代到六十年代美国核战略的转变——由“大规模报复”向“灵活反应”,由全面战争战略向以“确保摧毁”为后盾的有限战争战略的转变——发挥了巨大的推动作用。此外,核问题既是历史问题,更是现实问题。冷战早已结束,发生大规模核战争的危险基本消除了,但它遗留的核扩散的危险加大了,那就是不负责任的国家行为体和以恐怖分子为代表的非国家行为体获取核武器的努力愈加威胁着世界大多数国家和民众的安全。而中国已成为世界上拥有核邻国最多的国家,并且与这些邻国关系复杂,某些地区局势始终不稳定,这都成为中国极大的安全隐患。通过对核武器发展前期美国知识分子战略思想的研究,我们能够从中汲取一些智慧、经验和教训,为解决以上国际问题和中国自身问题提供些许的借鉴。
[Abstract]:In the 1940s and 1950s, the emergence and continuous development of nuclear weapons and the cold war situation led the American intellectual community to think extensively about nuclear weapons and national strategies. In the social science community, a group of strategic scholars who study nuclear strategy (also known as folk strategists, such as Brody, Fox, Wolvers, Wainer, Osgood, Schelling, Kissinger, Kahn, Walter Stetter, Kaufman, Hitchi, Turner, Hahn, Kaplan, Hilsmann, Cannell, and so on. These scholars have fully expressed their ideas by publishing works, publishing articles, writing reports, giving speeches, and so on. Has produced excellent and rich ideological results, involving the military and political significance and influence of nuclear weapons, nuclear weapons and deterrence strategies, the theory of total war and limited war, the theory of balance of terror, The impact of nuclear weapons on general international relations and Western alliances, nuclear weapons and civil defense programs, nuclear control, nuclear disarmament, nuclear proliferation and many other issues. These ideas go hand in hand with the development of nuclear weapons and their situation during the cold war and with the development of the national nuclear strategy of the United States. Some are reflections on the impact of nuclear weapons itself, and some are reactions to the Cold War, especially the nuclear arms race, between the United States and the Soviet Union. Some are criticism and suggestions about the official nuclear strategy of the United States, and there is concern for the safety and livelihood of the people under the nuclear threat. These thoughts and discussions usually have some interaction with the official nuclear policy. Some views may be adopted by the government and the military to have an impact on official policy; they may not be adopted, but they will also broaden the perspective and increase the perspective of the official or the public. Their thinking and discussion of the deterrent strategy of the thermonuclear era around the strategy of "large-scale retaliation" has led to extensive discussion of the nuclear strategy of the United States by various circles in the United States. The transformation of American nuclear strategy from "large-scale retaliation" to "flexible response" from the 1950s to the sixties, from the overall war strategy to the limited war strategy backed by "ensuring destruction" has played a great role in promoting it. In addition, the nuclear issue is both a historical and a practical issue. The Cold War has long since ended, and the danger of large-scale nuclear war has basically been eliminated, but its legacy of nuclear proliferation has increased. That is, the efforts of irresponsible state actors and non-State actors, represented by terrorists, to acquire nuclear weapons are increasingly threatening the security of most countries and people in the world. And China has become the country with the largest number of nuclear neighbours in the world. And the complex relations with these neighboring countries and the unstable situation in some regions have become a great security hazard for China. Through the study of the strategic thinking of American intellectuals in the early stages of the development of nuclear weapons, we can draw some wisdom from it. Experience and lessons for solving the above international problems and China's own problems to provide some reference.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：E712;K712

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