20世纪70年代美国波士顿强制校车计划研究

发布时间：2018-04-01 10:13

本文选题：美国　切入点：种族隔离　出处：《华东师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：美国种族隔离制度历史悠久且根深蒂固,1896年最高法院在普莱西诉佛格森案中判定"隔离但平等"原则并不违宪,意味着种族隔离在法律上得到认可,此后种族隔离制度迅速在南方各省确立并蔓延开来。到1954年美国最高法院在布朗案中宣布"隔离但平等"原则违宪,种族隔离的法律依据开始松动,此后美国开始了包括教育领域的废除种族隔离进程。布朗案以后的十年间,在公立学校系统中消除种族隔离的进程先是在南方缓慢展开,1964年的《民权法案》和1965年的《中小学教育法案》加速了这一进程,到70年代南方已经基本实现了公立学校系统中的种族平衡。随后北方的种族隔离开始成为焦点,70年代开始公立学校废除种族隔离的进程在北方逐渐开展,主要采用强制校车计划来实现公立学校的种族平衡。强制校车计划主要通过重划学区和重新分配学生的办法来实现学校种族平衡,通过强制手段增加黑白学生的接触。这一计划引发了巨大的争议和冲突,其中最具代表性的便是波士顿的强制校车计划。波士顿强制校车计划实施期间伴随着严重的暴力和种族冲突事件,这也使得计划本身的正义性变得模糊,尽管如此,强制校车计划通过强制手段增加了黑白种族的相互接触和相互了解,为缓解种族冲突和废除种族隔离起到了不可磨灭的作用。
[Abstract]:The American apartheid system has a long history and is deeply rooted. In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that the principle of "segregation but equality" was not unconstitutional, meaning that apartheid was legally recognized.Since then, apartheid has rapidly established and spread in the southern provinces.By 1954, the United States Supreme Court had declared the principle of "segregation but equality" unconstitutional in the Brown case, and the legal basis for apartheid had been loosened. Since then, the United States had begun the process of abolishing apartheid, including in the field of education.In the decade since Brown, the process of eliminating apartheid in the public school system began slowly in the South, accelerated by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Primary and Secondary Education Act of 1965.By the 1970 s, the South had basically achieved racial balance in the public school system.Then apartheid in the north became the focus. In the 1970s, the process of abolishing apartheid in public schools began gradually in the north, and the compulsory school bus program was mainly used to achieve racial balance in public schools.The compulsory school bus scheme achieves school racial balance mainly by rezoning school districts and redistributing students, and increases the contact between black and white students by compulsory means.The plan has sparked huge controversy and conflict, the most representative of which is Boston's compulsory school bus program.Boston's mandatory school bus program has been accompanied by serious violence and ethnic conflict, which has blurred the justice of the program itself, though.The compulsory school bus program increases the contact and mutual understanding of black and white races by coercive means, and plays an indelible role in alleviating racial conflicts and abolishing apartheid.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K712.5

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