“城市老板”政治再评价：坦慕尼厅个案研究（1860-1910）

发布时间：2018-04-01 23:16

本文选题：城市老板　切入点：坦慕尼厅　出处：《华东师范大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： “城市老板”政治作为19世纪中后期到20世纪上半期美国城市政治中一种特殊的现象,其产生有着特定的社会历史根源和复杂的现实缘由。城市的飞速无计划扩展、城市政府行政权力的无为、政党分肥制的盛行、移民和农民大量涌入城市、公民对政治的漠视等等都造成了城市社会的分裂和城市权力的“真空”,给职业政客掌握城市政权提供了机遇。 “坦慕尼厅”(Tammany Hall)作为美国老板政治的典型,以其幕后交易、贪污腐败、选举舞弊等对城市发展的负面影响为人所诟病,进步派人士和社会改革者将其作为阻挠市政改革和城市民主政治发展的主要敌人,然而坦慕尼厅却能够在这些反对者的呼声中不断取得选举胜利,掌握纽约市政大权70余年(1860-1930年代)。本文从纽约坦慕尼厅老板-政治机器体制和爱尔兰移民对坦慕尼厅政治影响两个角度来探寻坦慕尼厅在纽约取得成功的原因,同时也试图以此为出发点对整个“城市老板”政治作重新评价。全文共分三大部分,即导言、正文和结语。导言部分首先简要介绍美国“城市老板”出现的直接原因以及坦慕尼厅在纽约的概况。然后回顾和综述本课题既有的国内外研究成果,总结其研究的价值和不足。正文部分共三章: 第一章首先从美国城市问题的产生入手探讨“城市老板”政治的形成原因,其次介绍老板政治的典型——“坦慕尼厅”是如何由一个慈善组织成长为纽约的政治机器,从而初步形成坦慕尼厅的“老板-机器体制”。第二章具体研究坦慕尼厅老板-机器体制的运作,包括其体制的构成、老板在其中扮演的重要角色、体制的有效运作,由此可以看出坦慕尼厅与社区选民之间的亲密关系是决定其在选举中获胜的重要原因。第三章从爱尔兰移民对坦慕尼厅的影响来剖析坦慕尼厅的政治乎段和体制运作方式。爱尔兰移民的政治传统对坦慕尼厅政治运作方式有着重要的影响,第一代爱尔兰移民和19世纪70年代之后爱尔兰移民后裔对坦慕尼厅的不同影响反映了坦慕尼厅为生存而不断自我革新。结语部分从总体上重新评判以坦慕尼厅为代表的老板政治,说明老板政治的出现是各种社会因素结合碰撞的结果。对爱尔兰移民政治上的功过是非也应该从多角度来分析,老板政治体制的运作从某种程度上讲也是行之有效的。
[Abstract]:As a special phenomenon in American urban politics from the middle and late 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, the politics of "urban boss" has its specific social and historical roots and complicated realistic reasons. With the lack of administrative power of urban governments, the prevalence of partitioning of political parties, the influx of immigrants and farmers into the cities, Citizens' disregard for politics and so on have caused the division of urban society and the "vacuum" of urban power, which provides an opportunity for professional politicians to seize the power of the city. Tammany Hallis, a typical American boss, has been criticized for the negative effects of behind-the-scenes trading, corruption, and election fraud on urban development. Progressives and social reformers see it as the main enemy of obstructing municipal reforms and the development of urban democracy, but Tamuni Hall has been able to win elections amid the voices of these opponents. This paper explores the reasons for Tamuni Hall's success in New York City from two angles: the owner of Tamuni Hall, the political machine system, and the political influence of Irish immigrants on Tamuni Hall. At the same time, it also tries to reevaluate the whole city boss politics. The full text is divided into three parts, namely the introduction, the text and the conclusion. The introduction first briefly introduces the direct causes of the emergence of "City Boss" in the United States and the general situation of Tamuni Hall in New York, then reviews and summarizes the existing domestic and foreign research results of this subject, and summarizes the value and deficiency of its research. There are three chapters in the text:. The first chapter begins with the emergence of urban problems in the United States and discusses the reasons for the formation of "city boss" politics, and then introduces how "Tamuni Hall" has grown from a charitable organization to a political machine in New York. Thus the initial formation of Tamuni Hall, the "boss-machine system." The second chapter specifically studies the operation of Tampuni Hall's proprietor-machine system, including the composition of its system, the important role played by the boss, and the effective operation of the system. Thus, the intimate relationship between Tamuni Hall and community voters is an important reason for their victory in the election. In the third chapter, the author analyzes the influence of Irish immigrants on Tamuni Hall. The political tradition of Irish immigrants has an important influence on Tamuni Hall's political operation. The different influences of the first generation of Irish immigrants and the descendants of Irish immigrants after the 1870s on Tamuni Hall reflect the constant innovation of Tamuni Hall in order to survive. The conclusion part generally re-judges the boss politics represented by Tamuni Hall, which shows that the emergence of boss politics is the result of the combination of various social factors. The political merits and demerits of Irish immigrants should also be analyzed from many angles. The boss's political system works to some extent.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K712

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