杜鲁门时期美国联邦政府的就业政策评析

发布时间：2018-04-02 12:05

本文选题：杜鲁门　切入点：充分就业　出处：《鲁东大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着第二次世界大战的爆发，美国经济在战争需求的刺激之下迅速发展起来。二战期间美国经济取得了辉煌的成就，失业率下降到了几乎可以忽略的程度，一直困扰联邦政府的就业问题在战时得到了比较充分的解决。随着二战的结束，美国经济从战时机制向和平机制转轨。军工产业的萎缩将导致大批军工制造业工人下岗，前线战事的结束也将使大批退伍军人涌入国内就业市场。倘若规模庞大的劳动大军在战后不能顺利找到工作，会对美国经济带来不利影响。于是，就业问题成为美国联邦政府必须直面的政策重点。为了确保美国在战后能维持充分就业的局面，保证美国经济在战后能继续保持稳定繁荣，联邦政府采取了一系列的措施。其实，早在战时的1944年6月22日，罗斯福总统就签署了《1944年军人权利法》，以处理战后退伍军人的安置问题。该法案实施后取得了良好的效果，，对美国教育、经济的发展起到了积极作用。在罗斯福总统逝世后，杜鲁门入主白宫，他上台后积极推进退伍军人复员工作的进行，同时督促制定充分就业立法。“1945年充分就业议案”引起了美国国内各种势力的争论。1946年2月20日，杜鲁门总统签署了《1946年就业法》，就业法虽然由“1945年充分就业议案”演变而来，但是其中有关“充分”就业的内容被“最大限度的”就业所代替。诚然，杜鲁门时期美国联邦政府实行的就业政策并没有真正达到“充分就业”的政策目标。但这并不妨碍该联邦政府的就业政策所具有的承前启后的划时代意义，如果说“新政”时期的“以工代赈”迫使美国联邦政府在“大萧条”的特定背景下对民众就业承担起部分责任的话，那么杜鲁门时期联邦政府的就业政策表明，在和平时期联邦政府开始对就业问题承担起了责任，并拉开了此后联邦政府实行积极有效的就业措施的序幕。
[Abstract]:With the outbreak of World War II, the American economy grew rapidly, spurred by the need for war. During the second World War, the American economy achieved remarkable results, and the unemployment rate fell to an almost negligible level. The employment problem that has plagued the federal government has been more fully resolved during wartime. With the end of World War II, the American economy has shifted from wartime to peaceful mechanisms. The shrinking of the military industry will result in a large number of military manufacturing workers being laid off. The end of the war on the front line will also send a large number of veterans into the domestic job market. If a large labor force fails to find a job after the war, it will have a negative impact on the U.S. economy. Employment has become a policy priority that the federal government must face up to. In order to ensure that the United States maintains full employment after the war and that the American economy remains stable and prosperous after the war, the federal government has taken a series of measures. In fact, as early as June 22, 1944, President Roosevelt signed the military Rights Act 1944 to deal with the placement of postwar veterans. The Act achieved good results and played a positive role in education and economic development in the United States after the death of President Roosevelt. Truman took office in the White House. After he took office, he actively promoted the demobilization of veterans and urged the enactment of full employment legislation. The 1945 full Employment Bill aroused controversy among various forces in the United States. On February 20, 1946, President Truman signed the Employment Act 1946. Although the Employment Act evolved from the "full Employment Act of 1945", the content of "full employment" was replaced by "maximum" employment. It is true that the employment policy carried out by the United States Federal Government during the Truman period did not really achieve the policy objective of "full employment." but it does not prevent the epoch-making significance of the federal employment policy as a link between the past and the future. If the "food-for-work" era of the "New deal" forced the United States federal government to assume part of its responsibility for employment in the specific context of the "Great Depression", then the employment policy of the Truman federal government showed that. In peacetime, the federal government began to take responsibility for the employment problem, and started the prologue of the active and effective employment measures carried out by the federal government.
【学位授予单位】：鲁东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K153

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