甲午海战前夕中、朝、日三国皇权观念背后的崇高观念

发布时间：2018-04-06 06:30

本文选题：皇权　切入点：崇高观念　出处：《天津师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：1894年中日甲午海战爆发。此前的几十年中,中国、朝鲜半岛和日本皇权观念的不同走向在这个时候得到了最为鲜明的对比。中国的皇权最先发生世俗化,一方面因为儒教从伦理和制度上规定了皇权的世俗地位,另一方面则是中国传统宗教信仰的影响。甲午海战前夕,这一世俗化过程到达了巅峰,皇权陨落,不仅带来各种社会乱象,也加快了封建制的崩溃。而这一过程的表现至少包括以下几点：宗族势力的过度发展；贪腐横行,国无章法；皇族利益与国家利益分裂,“皇权”不再代表国家权力；一些汉族官员具有爱民、安邦的理学思想,但因为发生了微妙偏差,带上了杀戮性的一面。朝鲜半岛的皇权世俗化紧随中国之后,古朴的皇权观念随着儒教的传播发生了翻天覆地的变化,因循古制、势道政治、阀党之争等问题越来越严重,封建皇权的权威性被削弱。这其中比较特殊的地方在于传统遗留造成了朝鲜半岛比中国古代更容易接受女性掌权,而这与儒教中的女性观相矛盾,最终成为造成近代朝鲜外戚专权严重的一个重要原因。甲午海战后,朝鲜半岛沦陷,一方面与其自身落后僵化的思想和体制,以及清政府派出的北洋舰队的惨败有关,另一方面就是朝鲜王朝自身的政权混乱,尤其是势道政治严重造成的恶果了。近代日本的情况比较特殊。日本天皇早在九世纪就基本脱离世俗政治,从而避免了皇权的彻底世俗化。但历代天皇总与政治保持一个微妙的距离,其形象反而更容易在关键时刻被唤醒。近代幕府统治衰落时,天皇形象就是在“尊王复古”的口号中被重新树立的。天皇权威得到空前地绝对化,这得益于天皇制的推行。而天皇制所以能在日本社会无阻碍地推行,原因首先在于层层负责的等级制社会是根基,第二则是在古神道传统下创立的国家神道的辅助。传统日本人无法脱离等级制和神道信仰的控制,因而当这两点为掌权者利用时,才在精神层面产生了巨大的负面影响。对比可看出在封建社会末期,不同的皇权观念在中、朝、日三国社会和人心上所产生的作用,对甲午海战的战局及其后的历史都产生了深远影响。三国面对皇权权威缺失的情况都主动进行了“寻找”,只是最终产生的结果不尽相同。而本文的创新则在于,力求通过对中、朝、日三国皇权的发展脉络及其合法性,以及各自外在表现的研究和探讨,引起对于东方式的崇高美学概念的思考,同时说明这种“崇高”对我们的现实生活的重大意义。
[Abstract]:The Sino-Japanese naval war broke out in 1894.In previous decades, China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan have seen the most striking contrast in the direction of imperial power.The first secularization of imperial power in China is due to the secular status of imperial power established by Confucian ethics and system on the one hand and the influence of Chinese traditional religious beliefs on the other.On the eve of the Sino-Japanese naval war, the secularization process reached its peak. The fall of imperial power not only brought all kinds of social chaos, but also accelerated the collapse of feudal system.The performance of this process includes at least the following points: the excessive development of clan forces; corruption and lawlessness; the separation of royal interests from national interests; "imperial power" no longer represents state power; and some Han Chinese officials have a love for the people.Anbang's Neo-Confucianism, however, has taken on a murderous side due to subtle deviations.After the secularization of imperial power on the Korean Peninsula, the primitive concept of imperial power changed dramatically with the spread of Confucianism. The problems such as following the ancient system, politics of power and the struggle of the valve party became more and more serious, and the authority of feudal imperial power was weakened.The special part lies in the fact that the Korean Peninsula is more receptive to female power than in ancient China, which contradicts the view of women in Confucianism, and finally becomes an important reason for the serious foreign monopoly power in modern Korea.After the Sino-Japanese naval war, the fall of the Korean Peninsula was related, on the one hand, to its own backward and rigid ideology and system, and to the tragic defeat of the Northern Fleet sent by the Qing government, on the other hand, the political chaos of the Korean dynasty itself.In particular, the serious consequences of power politics.The situation in modern Japan is quite special.As early as the ninth century, the emperor of Japan was basically divorced from secular politics, thus avoiding the complete secularization of imperial power.But successive emperors kept a delicate distance from politics, and their images were more easily awakened at critical moments.In the decline of the shogunate, the image of the emperor was re-established in the slogan of "respecting the king and restoring the ancient times".The authority of the emperor was unprecedented absolute, thanks to the implementation of the imperial system.The first reason why the imperial system can be carried out unhindered in Japanese society is that the hierarchical society is the foundation, and the second is the assistance of the national Shinto established under the ancient Shinto tradition.The traditional Japanese could not break away from the control of hierarchy and Shinto belief, so when these two two were used by the people in power, they had a great negative influence on the spiritual level.It can be seen that in the end of feudal society, different concepts of imperial power played a profound role in the society and hearts of China, Korea and Japan, and had a profound influence on the war situation and the history of the Sino-Japanese naval war.In the face of the lack of imperial authority, the three countries have taken the initiative to "seek", but the final results are not the same.The innovation of this paper is that through the research and discussion of the development and legitimacy of the imperial power of China, Korea and Japan, as well as the study and discussion of their external performance, the lofty aesthetic concept of the eastern way has been considered.At the same time, this kind of "sublime" is of great significance to our real life.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K142

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