苦难与伟大：修昔底德视野中的人类处境

发布时间：2018-04-19 17:04

本文选题：修昔底德 + 苦难　；参考：《复旦大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 本论文从思考修昔底德对“最伟大战争”的定义入手,认为这位古希腊史家判断伟大的主要标准是苦难。作者在分析修昔底德叙事中最具代表性的几个文本片段之后,试图解释他观念中“苦难与伟大”这一基本关系,并探讨他对人类处境的看法和态度。第一章旨在通过分析“雅典瘟疫叙事”(2.47-54)来理解修昔底德如何运用其修辞技艺以呈现瘟疫这一给雅典人带来最大损失的苦难。修昔底德对希腊当时的医学和诗歌传统非常熟悉,但他叙述雅典瘟疫,其方式和目的与医生和诗人们都不同。他力图通过“雅典瘟疫叙事”来使读者清楚地审视人类的苦难状态,而这样的文本很难取悦于当时的听众。为此,修昔底德避免使用面向公众的叙事方式。他写作文本很可能是为了私人进行阅读的,而非公开地展示出来。第二章从修昔底德对瘟疫中雅典人绝望的叙述引发,进一步梳理了“密提林辩论”(3.36-49)、“米洛斯对话”(5.84-113)和“雅典人在西西里远征前的辩论”(6.8-26)等文本片段中对“运气”和“希望”的讨论。修昔底德通过这些演说辞和对话录意在表明人的言语和行动全都建立在希望之上,而希望本质上又由爱欲引起。在修昔底德看来,“爱欲”既是雅典人追求伟大功业的动力,又是引起他们苦难的原因。西西里远征是伯里克利逝世后雅典人不能节制欲望的结果,并最终导致了巨大的失败和痛苦。修昔底德深受悲剧精神的影响,在其叙事中将雅典城邦塑造成为一个因爱欲而遭受苦难的英雄形象。第三章转而对修昔底德所编述的“伯里克利的国葬演说”(2.35-46)和“伯里克利最后的演说”(2.60-64)进行研读,分析出它们和“雅典瘟疫叙事”这三个文本片段之间相互关联的叙事结构。修昔底德精心编排这两篇“瘟疫叙事”前后的演说辞为的是展现伯里克利如何在不同的形势下引导雅典人爱上自己的城邦,并为了追求建立伟大的功业和留下永久的记忆而承受各种苦难。修昔底德通过伯里克利之口揭示出了他自己的观念：在现时代的竞技中成为最强者的努力可以成为未来人们的记忆。这暗示了他对“苦难与伟大”这一关系在人类历史中具有永恒性的信念。第四章将视角投向作为修昔底德文本“导言”主要内容的“古史叙事”(1.2-19),通过对其环状结构的叙事方式进行分析,揭示出修昔底德视野中的人类处境是一种带有循环特征的发展过程：在历史中,人们对权力的欲望使他们渴求伟大的功业,这导致了不断的战争、苦难和毁灭。修昔底德选择用记述当时战争中那些真实的苦难和伟业作为将世界本真状态传递给读者的最佳方式,目的是使未来的人们在遭遇类似的处境时可以唤起对他的叙事的记忆。
[Abstract]:This paper begins with Thucydides' definition of "the greatest War", and thinks that the main criterion for this ancient Greek historian to judge greatness is suffering.After analyzing the most representative texts in Thucydides' narration, the author tries to explain the basic relationship between suffering and greatness in his idea, and discusses his views and attitudes towards the human condition.The first chapter aims to understand how Thucydides used his rhetorical skills to present the plague, which brought the greatest loss to the Athenians, through the analysis of the Athenian Plague narrative (2.47-54).Thucydides was familiar with the medical and poetic traditions of Greece, but he described the plague in different ways and for different purposes than doctors and poets.He tries to make the readers examine clearly the state of human suffering through the Athens Plague narrative, which is difficult to please the audience at that time.For this reason, Thucydides avoided the use of public narratives.He probably wrote the text for private reading, rather than for public display.The second chapter begins with Thucydides' account of the Athenians' despair in the plague.Further combing the discussion of "luck" and "hope" in the texts such as "Mittilin debate" (3.36-49), "Milos Dialogue" (5.84-113) and "Athenian debate before the Sicily Expedition" (6.8-26).Thucydides, through these speeches and dialogues, is intended to show that man's words and actions are all based on hope, which is essentially caused by desire.According to Thucydides, lust is both the driving force of Athenians' pursuit of great feats and the cause of their suffering.The Sicily Expedition was the result of the Athenians' inability to control their desires after the death of Pericles, which led to great failure and suffering.Deeply influenced by the tragic spirit, Thucydides portrays the Athenian city-state as a hero suffering from love in his narration.In the third chapter, Thucydides' speech on the State burial of Pericles (2.35-46) and the final speech of Pericles (2.60-64) are studied, and the narrative structure of their interrelation with the three passages of the Athenian Plague narrative is analyzed.Thucydides carefully choreographed the speeches before and after the plague narrative to show how Pericles led the Athenians to fall in love with their city-states in different situations.And to pursue the establishment of great achievements and leave a lasting memory of all kinds of suffering.Thucydides through the mouth of Pericles revealed his own idea that the struggle to be the strongest in the present age can be remembered in the future.This implies his belief in the eternal nature of the relationship between suffering and greatness in human history.The fourth chapter focuses on the narrative of ancient history, which is the main content of the introduction of Thucydides, and analyzes the narrative mode of its annular structure.It is revealed that the human situation in Thucydides' vision is a process of development with cyclic characteristics: in history, people's desire for power made them yearn for great deeds, which led to constant war, suffering and destruction.Thucydides chose the best way to convey the true state of the world to the reader by documenting the true suffering and great achievements of the war at that time, in order to evoke the memory of his narrative in the event of a similar situation.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K546

【引证文献】