古典传统与现代政治实践的短暂交汇：美国建国初期“共和”概念的重构

发布时间：2018-04-20 08:32

本文选题：共和 + 美国　；参考：《山东师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：18世纪晚期,在各种因素的合力之下,北美十三州殖民地爆发革命,并最终从大不列颠第一帝国独立出来,成立了美利坚合众国。在美国人民创立他们自己全新的共和国的政治实践中,古典传统发挥了不容忽视的关键作用。古典共和传统为美国共和政体的建构提供了一种参照物和出发点,为共和概念在近代的重构提供了鲜活的语汇和坚实的基础,古典传统自身也在这个过程中焕发出了新的活力。本文首先按时间顺序对古希腊的柏拉图、亚里士多德、古罗马的西塞罗以及文艺复兴时期意大利的马基雅维利等对西方共和政治思想之变迁有决定性影响的人物的共和观念进行了粗略的梳理。通过这种梳理,建立了对北美殖民地建立之前共和概念流变的较为全面的认知。接下来,本文对美国建国初期政治实践中古典传统无处不在的原因进行了分析。古典传统之所以在那个时期的美国具有极大影响,最重要的原因之一是美国教育体系中古典传统相关内容的统治性地位,通过对几个建国精英中的重要人物的观点和教育背景以及北美殖民地时期教育体系的分析不难证实这一点。在证明了大规模使用古典传统的可能性之后,需要论证的是这种使用的必要性。自罗马帝国之后直到美国立国,分析其间存在过的共和国,无论是意大利诸城邦共和国,还是时代更为靠近的日内瓦与荷兰,都不足以成为美国模仿的典范。再通过对北美殖民地与英国之间逐渐走向分裂的过程的分析,又将英国这唯一剩下的可能的榜样移出了美国人的选择之外,美国人转而求助于古典传统似乎也就成了一种必然。从以上两方面的论证可知,美国完备的以古典传统为主的教育体系,晚近的共和典范的稀缺以及与英国进行割裂的需要综合起来,使得美国既有能力也有必要让古典传统在建国初期的政治实践中发挥重要作用。这样一来,对古典传统与美国建国初期共和概念的重构及新的共和政体的确立之间的关系进行研究就有了一个切实可行的起点。从这个起点出发,本文继续对古典传统在美国建国初期共和政体的确立与共和概念的重构这两个相互影响、密切关联的过程中的作用进行了较为具体的分析。这种分析首先涉及古典共和概念中至关重要的美德在美国建国初期的变化和商业利益这一古典传统不曾纳入考量的因素。然后以制宪会议上各个代表在辩论中的发言为线索,尝试探讨了古典传统对当时美国人所认同的共和概念的差异与变化的影响,以及古典传统在新的共和政体的设计之中所起的作用。文章最后提出,美国共和政体确立的过程可能是古典传统对重要政治实践的最后一次参与。在这之后,美国成为了新的共和典范,而古典传统日益成为象牙塔中的小众研究对象,其在政治实践中的作用被新兴的政治学等学科替代。
[Abstract]:In the late 18th century, under the combined forces of various factors, the 13 colonies of North America revolutionized and finally became independent from the first Reich of Great Britain and founded the United States of America. Classical tradition plays a key role in the political practice of the American people to create their own new republic. The classical Republican tradition provides a reference and a starting point for the construction of the American Republican polity, and provides a fresh vocabulary and solid foundation for the reconstruction of the Republican concept in modern times. In this paper, Plato and Aristotle in ancient Greece are studied in chronological order. Cicero of ancient Rome and Machiavelli of Italy in Renaissance, etc. Through this sort of combing, the author established a more comprehensive understanding of the evolution of the concept of republic before the establishment of the North American colonies. Then, this paper analyzes the reasons why the classical tradition is ubiquitous in the political practice in the early days of the founding of the United States. One of the most important reasons why the classical tradition had great influence in the United States in that period was the dominant position of the relevant contents of the classical tradition in the American educational system. It is not difficult to prove this by analyzing the views and educational background of some important figures in the elite and the educational system of the North American colonial period. After proving the possibility of large-scale use of classical tradition, it is necessary to demonstrate the necessity of such use. From the Roman Empire to the founding of the United States, the analysis of the existing republics, whether the Italian states of the Republic, or the times closer to Geneva and the Netherlands, is not enough to serve as a model for the United States to imitate. Through the analysis of the process of the separation between the North American colonies and Britain, the only possible example of Britain was removed from the choice of the Americans, and it seemed inevitable that the Americans turned to the classical tradition. From the above two aspects, we can see that the complete American education system, which is dominated by classical tradition, the scarcity of recent Republican models, and the need to separate from the United Kingdom, It makes America both capable and necessary to allow classical tradition to play an important role in the political practice of the early days of the founding of the people's Republic of China. Thus, the study of the relationship between the classical tradition, the reconstruction of the Republican concept and the establishment of a new republic in the early days of the founding of the United States has a practical starting point. From this starting point, this paper continues to make a more concrete analysis of the role of classical tradition in the process of the establishment of the Republican regime and the reconstruction of the Republican concept in the early days of the founding of the United States. This analysis involves, first of all, the changes of the essential virtues in the concept of the classical republic in the early years of the founding of the United States and the factor that the classical tradition did not take into account. Then, taking the speeches of the delegates in the Constituent Assembly as a clue, we try to explore the influence of the classical tradition on the differences and changes in the Republican concepts that Americans recognized at that time. And the role of classical traditions in the design of the new republic. Finally, it is suggested that the process of establishment of American republic may be the last participation of classical tradition in important political practice. After that, the United States became a new Republican model, while the classical tradition increasingly became the object of minority research in ivory tower, and its role in political practice was replaced by new disciplines such as political science.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K712.4

【参考文献】