古代黑海北岸斯基泰人研究

发布时间：2018-04-21 19:29

本文选题：斯基泰人 + 黑海北岸　；参考：《华东师范大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：从上古迄至中古,许多游牧民族曾在黑海北岸(今俄罗斯南部、乌克兰一带)的草原上骑马放牧,繁衍生息。其中,操伊朗语的斯基泰人(Scythians,又译成西徐亚人或斯奇提亚人)是有史以来最先在此崭露头角的重要骑马游牧民族之一。作为欧亚大陆历史上较早的游牧族群,如同匈奴之于中国历史,斯基泰人在西方历史上的地位也是颇为独特的。它是欧亚大陆上最早出现在地中海古典作家视野中的游牧民族。因此,研究斯基泰人具有重要的价值。本文的写作,即缘起于此种思考。全文共分六部分,包括绪论和五章正文内容。绪论分两节。第一节介绍了古典世界和斯基泰人相关的各种文献及其使用方法,第二节总结介绍了国内外研究斯基泰人的历史及问题旨趣,指出本文写作的基础和新意。第一章,主要梳理古典文献中各古典作家对“斯基泰人”一词的使用情况,明确本文主要关注狭义斯基泰人,即黑海北岸那些名为斯基泰人的政治实体。同时,对斯基泰文化起源的种种说法做了系统回顾和总结。第二章,则对斯基泰人的早期历史做一系统探索。指出,斯基泰人之所以出现在北高加索,是因为当时干热的气候所致,斯基泰人因而形成了专化游牧业,并以劫掠补充物资。为此,他们屡次突入西亚,进行劫掠。其间,受劫掠所得等诸种因素刺激,北高加索的斯基泰人社会组织和政治形态较前有所进步。第三章,是本文的重点之一。在这一章中,根据希罗多德的记载,笔者详细分析了斯基泰各部落的族称、所事行业及生活地域,指出斯基泰人其时是以游牧业为主,兼事农耕,并劫掠周邻农牧人群、与希腊人开展贸易来补充物资。在社会和政治组织上,则形成了以王族斯基泰人为首的部落联盟。第四章亦是本文重点之一。在这一章,笔者将根据考古资料分析此时斯基泰人经济构成发生的变化,村落和城镇的分布,指出斯基泰人受益于良好的气候条件,己呈现一定的定居化趋向。在政治上,指出文献资料不足以研究王权,必须以考古资料为主。于是,根据考古材料,本文指出斯基泰人的社会与前相比,已出现较为明显的分层,同时社会的权力也趋于集中,这说明斯基泰人的国家此时已经出现。第五章主要探讨了大斯基提亚瓦解之后,克里米亚小斯基提亚的历史。指出克里米亚小斯基提亚其实与大斯基提亚并无直接关联,而只是克里米亚等地的蛮族在欧亚草原动荡下形成的一个多种族的国家。这群斯基泰人,农牧兼营,定居化程度较高。同时,在政治上形成了较为独特的宫殿-神庙政治体制。结语部分从经济、对外关系、政治组织等方面对历史上黑海北岸斯基泰人作了总结。
[Abstract]:From ancient to mid-ancient times, many nomadic peoples on the northern shore of the Black Sea (now southern Russia, Ukraine) on the grasslands, grazing, reproduction. Among them, the Iranian-speaking Scythians, also translated into Western Xuya or Schitiya, is one of the first important horse-riding nomads to emerge here in history. As an early nomadic group in Eurasia history, as Xiongnu is to Chinese history, the status of Skeetai in western history is quite unique. It is the first nomadic people in the view of classical Mediterranean writers in Eurasia. Therefore, the study of the Scotty people has an important value. The writing of this article stems from this kind of thinking. The full text is divided into six parts, including the introduction and five chapters of the text. The introduction is divided into two sections. The first section introduces all kinds of literature related to the classical world and the Scotty people and their usage methods. The second section summarizes the history and problem purport of domestic and foreign research on the Skeeitans and points out the basis and new ideas of this paper. The first chapter mainly combs the use of the word "Skeetai" by classical writers in the classical literature, and clarifies that this paper mainly focuses on the narrow Skeetai, that is, the political entities of the North Bank of the Black Sea called the Skeitans. At the same time, all kinds of theories about the origin of Scotty culture are reviewed and summarized systematically. In the second chapter, a systematic exploration of the early history of the Scotty people is made. It is pointed out that the Skitans appeared in the North Caucasus because of the dry and hot climate at that time. For this reason, they repeatedly broke into West Asia and carried out looting. During this period, the social organization and political form of the Skeetai in the North Caucasus were improved. The third chapter is one of the emphases of this paper. In this chapter, according to the records of Herodotus, the author analyzes in detail the trade and living area of the Skeetai tribes, and points out that at that time, the Skeetai were mainly engaged in animal husbandry and farming, and looted the surrounding farming and pastoral crowd. Trade with the Greeks to replenish supplies. In the social and political organization, the formation of the royal Skeetai led the tribal alliance. The fourth chapter is also one of the emphases of this paper. In this chapter, based on the archaeological data, the author will analyze the changes in the economic composition of the Skeetai people, the distribution of villages and towns, and point out that the Skietai people benefit from the favorable climatic conditions and have a certain tendency to settle down. Politically, it is pointed out that the literature is not enough to study Wang Quan, and must be based on archaeological data. Therefore, according to the archaeological materials, this paper points out that the society of the Skeitans has already appeared more obvious stratification than before, and the power of the society has also tended to be concentrated, which shows that the country of the Skeitans has already appeared at this time. The fifth chapter mainly discusses the history of Crimea Little Scythia after the collapse of Grand Scythia. It is pointed out that little Scythia in Crimea is not directly related to the Grand Scythia, but is only a multi-ethnic country formed by barbarians in Crimea and other places under the turmoil of Eurasian steppe. This group of Skeetai, farming and animal husbandry, settled a high degree. At the same time, a relatively unique palatial-temple political system was formed in politics. The conclusion summarizes the history of the Skeitans on the north coast of the Black Sea from the aspects of economy, foreign relations and political organization.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K18

【引证文献】