异端的权力和权力的异端性—由加尔文引发的权力思考

发布时间：2018-04-26 03:20

本文选题：加尔文 + 教会　；参考：《上海外国语大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 让·加尔文(1509-1564)向来被看作是与马丁·路德齐名的宗教改革家,同时也是加尔文主义的奠基者,然而直至今日他本人仍充满争议。宗教改革时期,他被天主教会指为异端,处处追杀,却奋起反抗天主教的专制流毒,追寻千年来偏离本质的信仰,提倡人人皆有权阅读圣经;他所进行的宗教改革甚至动摇了天主教会在欧洲的统治地位。加尔文同时也是位人文主义者,反抗暴力镇压,宣扬宗教宽容;然而,在日内瓦建立了自己的加尔文教会后,这位人文主义者却敌视反对他的言论,制定严格的法规惩治异己,直至将与他在信仰上进行激烈辩论的西班牙医生塞维斯特送上火刑柱。他的政权被人称作是无异于天主教专制的新教专制。从加尔文的经历可以看出,他本是一个反对教会绝对权力的反抗者,却在夺取权力后转变为一个可怕的暴君。他是一个掌权的“异端”。难道是因为过于强烈的宗教信仰才导致其动用暴力镇压异端,尽管自己也曾经是受害者?或者其中还隐藏着更深刻更广泛的原因? 本文试图通过追寻加尔文前后的足迹,从宗教和政治方面分析其转变的原因。研究发现,他变化的关键要素并非在于宗教热忱,而是权力的因素。作为毫无政治权力的异端时,他的目标是反抗当权者,推翻旧有权力,而没有涉及到行使权力;一旦拥有权力后,他的目的在于巩固权力,使权力得以延续,所以要防止任何可能的反抗和动乱,尽管他也曾通过这种方式达到权力的顶峰。加尔文的变化其实是一种权力的现象。通过探究权力的性质我们发现,权力本身无所谓善恶,它是任何人类团体得以稳固的保障;同时,如果没有有效控制,权力便会沦为掌权者满足一己私欲的工具,稳固权力的愿望也因为权力本身被滥用而成为暴力的借口。权力从此成了“异端”。加尔文的时代虽已远去,教会也不再集神权和世俗权于一身,但是滥用权力和禁锢意识形态的做法难道只是明日黄花吗?历史的舞台上上演了一幕幕非宗教领域却神似加尔文经历的事件。法国大革命时期罗伯斯庇尔的雅各宾派专政以及俄国十月革命时期列宁的布尔什维克专政都说明了,这是处于人类社会中的所有人类的共性。而了解权力的本质应该有助于防范权力所导致的悲剧不断发生。
[Abstract]:Jean Calvinn 1509-1564) has long been seen as a reformer in the name of Martin Luther and founder of Calvinism, but he is still controversial to this day. During the period of religious reform, he was accused by the Catholic Church of heresy, everywhere pursuit, but rise up against the tyranny of Catholicism, pursue a thousand years of deviation from the essence of the faith, advocate that everyone has the right to read the Bible; His religious reforms have even shaken the dominance of the Catholic Church in Europe. Calvin was also a humanist who resisted violent repression and promoted religious tolerance; however, after setting up his own Calvin church in Geneva, the humanist was hostile to his remarks and made strict laws to punish dissidents. Until the Spanish doctor Sevist, who had a fierce debate with him on his faith, sent a stake. His regime was described as a Protestant despotism of Catholicism. Calvin's experience shows that he was a revolt against the absolute power of the church, but turned into a terrible tyrant when he seized it. He is a heresy in power. Is it because of too strong a religious belief that it uses violence to suppress heresy, even though it was once a victim? Or is there a deeper and broader reason behind it? This paper attempts to analyze the causes of the transformation from the religious and political aspects by following the footprints of Calvin before and after Calvin. The study found that the key to his change was not religious zeal, but power. As a heresy without political power, his goal was to resist those in power, to overturn the old power, without involving the exercise of power; once it was possessed, his aim was to consolidate it and to perpetuate it. So prevent any possible revolt and upheaval, though he has reached the height of power in this way. Calvin's change is actually a phenomenon of power. By exploring the nature of power, we find that power itself is not good or evil; it is a solid guarantee for any human group; and, without effective control, power becomes a tool for those in power to satisfy their own selfish desires. The desire to secure power is also an excuse for violence because power itself is abused. Power has since become heretical. Although Calvin's time is gone and the church is no longer a mixture of theocracy and secularism, is the abuse of power and the imprison of ideology a thing of the past? On the stage of history were scenes of secular events that resembled Calvin's experience. The Jacobin dictatorship of Robespierre during the French Revolution and the Bolshevik dictatorship of Lenin during the Russian Revolution of October showed that this was the commonality of all human beings in human society. Understanding the nature of power should help prevent tragedies from occurring.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K5

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