论大马士革事件

发布时间：2018-04-26 05:01

本文选题：大马士革事件 + 血祭诽谤　；参考：《南京大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：19世纪中期,中东政治形势动荡。奥斯曼帝国分崩离析,埃及帕夏穆罕默德·阿里控制了叙利亚地区。英国、法国、俄国、奥地利、普鲁士等西方国家插足中东,试图建立自己的势力范围。大马士革是叙利亚地区的一个古老城镇,西方国家都有领事驻扎在此。 1840年2月5日,大马士革嘉布遣会修士托马斯和他的穆斯林仆人阿玛拉神秘失踪。托马斯神父是法国的保护民,因此,案件由叙利亚当局和法国领事共同审判。在寻找托马斯神父的过程中,有谣言传出：犹太人出于血祭礼仪而杀害了托马斯神父。谢里夫帕夏和法国领事拉蒂·门顿派出人员搜查犹太区,并逮捕了四名犹太嫌疑犯。在酷刑之下,一名犹太理发师供认了七位当地的犹太名流,随即,他们遭到了逮捕。大拉比召开集会,开始自救行动,并向君士坦丁堡的犹太社团求救。在第二轮的审讯之后,更多的犹太名流遭到逮捕,整个犹太社团处于岌岌可危之中。此为中世纪在西欧盛行的血祭诽谤,即污蔑犹太人出于宗教礼仪谋杀基督徒,用他们的血祭神。案发之初,大马士革西方各国外交人员与门顿持有相同的态度,认为犹太人杀害了神父和他的仆人。随着审讯的进展,外交人员出现了分歧,主要分为两派：一派是以法国为首,坚持认为血祭礼仪的存在；另一派以英国、奥地利为首,认为血祭诽谤是荒谬的,应当重新审判案件。除去大国因素的作用,现代报刊也扩大了这一案件的影响力,将它传递到世界各地,大马士革事件由一桩地方性事件演变成人尽皆知的国际性事件。世界各地的犹太社团在获知大马士革事件后,纷纷采取行动,以请愿、游说政府、捐助、派遣代表团等形式帮助大马士革犹太人。传统的犹太“一体观”再次得以体现。19世纪,西欧犹太人开始解放运动,逐渐同化入主流社会。然而,大马士革事件第一次将全世界的犹太人团结起来,同时也促进了西欧犹太人对解放运动的反思,复国主义思想得以萌芽。因此,大马士革事件在近代犹太史上具有转折意义。文章分为三部分,绪论、正文和结语。绪论部分阐述了选题意义、资料引用以及研究思路。正文分为五章,第一章介绍了大马士革事件的由来,描述了案件的审讯过程。第二章分析西方国家的态度,首先向读者介绍中东地区的政治形势,此为大马士革事件发生的时代背景,随后叙述外交人员的介入和分歧,并分析其缘由,之后,通过解读各国的报刊言论,了解公众对大马士革事件所持的态度,同时,报刊言论在一定程度上也反映了该国政府的立场。第三章和第四章是正文的重点,主要通过分析各国犹太社团的反应以及行动,体现出犹太“一体观”。其中,第三章引用了大量的原始资料,特别是会议文献,叙述了君士坦丁堡、耶路撒冷、埃及、英国、法国、美国的犹太社团以不同形式帮助受难的犹太同胞,大马士革事件将世界各地犹太人的命运联系在—起。第四章详细阐述犹太代表团的行动,从组建到出使埃及、君士坦丁堡等地到归来,大马士革事件最终得到了较为圆满地解决。此外,文章还介绍了蒙特菲尔和克列米埃分别在君士坦丁堡和埃及做的慈善事业,这也是犹太人的一项传统。慈善事业是犹太民族延续至今的一大秘诀。结语部分阐释了大马士革事件对犹太人的影响以及对世界的启示意义,重点突出其巩固并加强了犹太“一体观”。大马士革事件联合了世界各地的犹太人,从此之后,无论哪一个犹太人社团受到羞辱,或是面临危险,都会在世界各地遭到反击。此外,文章向世人展示了犹太人处理问题的方式,即为“团结”、“互助”。同时,也惊醒后人,为了维护世界和平,要反对任何形式的反犹主义。
[Abstract]:In the middle of the nineteenth Century, the political situation in the Middle East was unrest. The Osman Empire broke down. Egypt Pasamuhammed Ali controlled the Syria region. Britain, France, Russia, Austria, Prussia, and other western countries were in the Middle East, trying to establish their own sphere of influence. Damascus was an ancient town in Syria, and Western countries all had The consul was stationed here.
In February 5, 1840, the Damascus rea Thomas and his Muslim servant Amara disappeared mysteriously. Father Thomas was a French protector, so the case was tried by the Syria authorities and the French consul. In the search for father Thomas, the rumor was rumours that the Jews killed Thomas for blood sacrificial etiquette. Father Sheriff Pasha and the French consul Lahti Menton sent staff to search the Jewish district and arrested four Jewish suspects. Under the torture, a Jewish barber confessed seven local Jewish celebrities, and they were arrested. Rescue. After the second round of interrogation, more Jewish celebrities were arrested, and the whole Jewish community was in jeopardy. This was the defamation of blood sacrifice that prevailed in the Middle Ages in Western Europe. That is, the defamation of Jews for the murder of Christians for religious etiquette and their sacrifice to their gods.
At the beginning of the case, the foreign diplomats of the western countries of Damascus held the same attitude and thought that the Jews killed the priest and his servants. With the progress of the trial, the diplomats were divided into two groups: one was led by France and insisted on the existence of the blood sacrificial instrument; the other was led by the United Kingdom and Austria as the leader. Defamation of blood sacrifice is absurd and should be retrial. Apart from the role of great powers, modern newspapers and periodicals have expanded the influence of the case to all parts of the world, and the Damascus incident has evolved from a local event to a well-known international event.
After the knowledge of the Damascus incident, the Jewish communities around the world have taken action to help Damascus Jews in the form of petition, government, donations and delegations. The traditional Jewish "one concept" has been able to embody the.19 century again. The Jews in Western Europe began to solve the movement and gradually assimilated into the mainstream society. However, Damascus, however, Damascus was gradually assimilated into the mainstream society. For the first time, the events of the whole world were united, and the Jews' Reflection on the liberation movement of the Jews in Western Europe and the sprout of the thought of the repatriation. Therefore, the Damascus incident had a turning point in the Modern Jewish history.
The article is divided into three parts, the introduction, the text and the conclusion. The introduction part expounds the significance of the topic, the reference of the data and the research ideas. The text is divided into five chapters. The first chapter introduces the origin of the Damascus incident, describes the process of the trial of the case. The second chapter analyzes the attitude of the western countries and first introduces the political situation in the Middle East to the reader. In the background of the times of the Damascus incident, the intervention and disagreement of the diplomats were described and the reasons were analyzed. After that, the public opinion on the events in Damascus was understood by reading the newspapers and statements from various countries. At the same time, the press reflected the government's position to a certain extent.
The third and fourth chapters are the focus of the text. By analyzing the reactions and actions of the Jewish communities in various countries, the Jewish "one concept" is reflected. Among them, the third chapter quotes a large number of raw materials, especially the conference documents, and describes the different forms of help in Constantinople, Jerusalem, Egypt, Britain, France, and the United States. The crucifixion of Jewish compatriots, the Damascus incident linked the fate of the Jews around the world. The fourth chapter elaborated on the action of the Jewish delegation. From the formation to the origin of Egypt, Constantinople and other places, the Damascus incident was finally settled in a more roundabout way. Besides, the article also introduced Mont Phil and klomier. It is a tradition of Jewish people to do charity work in Constantinople and Egypt respectively. Philanthropy is a great secret for Jewish people to continue.
The conclusion explains the influence of the Damascus incident on the Jews and the enlightenment to the world, focusing on the consolidation and strengthening of the Jewish "one concept". The Damascus incident combined the Jews from all over the world. From then on, no matter which Jewish community was humiliated, or faced with danger, all of them would be affected all over the world. In addition, the article has shown the ways of the Jews to deal with the problems, namely, "unity" and "mutual assistance". At the same time, it also awakens the later generations to oppose any form of anti Semitism in order to maintain peace in the world.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K376.5

【参考文献】