中世纪城堡的军事作用及其历史影响

发布时间：2018-04-30 03:02

本文选题：中世纪 + 城堡　；参考：《河北师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：城堡是中世纪西欧历史的一种重要的现象,是理解西欧中世纪历史的一把钥匙。中世纪城堡,主要是指九世纪出现的土岗—城廓式城堡及以后的砖石结构城堡。公元9世纪是城堡建造的大发展时期,也是城堡建筑史上新的历史阶段,其中最重要的标志是土木结构的城堡被石头结构的城堡所代替,城堡的围墙和城堡中核心性建筑——塔楼等重要部分都用石料砌成。石头取代木头作为主要材料后,城堡的规模、结构和形状都随之发生变化。城堡的结构变化都是为了适应军事变化,都是为了提高城堡防御能力,城堡的结构变化说明城堡的功能主要是军事功能。城堡产生的军事背景主要是以下几个方面:城堡是军队的主要指挥中心,同时也是贵族们赖以控制其周边地区的要塞,作为入侵者的君主或军队如果不能首先占领那里的城堡,就不可能征服一个地区并对其实行统治;欧洲中世纪时期大小战争频繁,由于当时军事技术落后,建立城堡是战争中最可靠的防御方式;中世纪时西欧面临来自四面八方的侵略者,国内各个王室之间、王室与地方贵族之间、地方贵族相互之间为了争夺领土和势力范围战争不断。城堡以精致的防御设施出名,中世纪的大部分战争都是围绕城堡展开。中世纪以前的战争,大多是在平面上的对抗。中世纪初期,战争从平面的对抗变为立体对抗。于是,城堡的外墙从最初的木质栅栏变为土石,越来越厚重且高大起来,从单纯防备变为防守中的进攻。城堡最辉煌的时期就是其攻防作用发挥最充分的时期,也是当时该地区居民最依赖它的时期。从10世纪到13世纪城堡功能是充当军事机器,但在14和15世纪,城堡的作用几乎完全改变,他们被供火炮使用的堡垒取代。城堡的发展史是西方军事发展史的重要组成部分,城堡的发展带动了攻城武器的发展,城堡的发展显示了西方军事思想的继承性,城堡的发展也为西方侵略东方打下了坚实基础,为西方称霸世界奠定了基础。作战中最具决定性的优势在于弥补劣势的能力,西方武装力量通常总是在更大程度上依赖于用技术上的先进来弥补劣势,西方正是用城堡来弥补兵力的不足。技术的革新以及同等重要的对这种革新的迅速反应能力,很快便成了西方军事文化的特性。防御系统主要由大门、外堡、墙、城垛、突廊、箭垛、护城河、壕沟、吊桥、塔楼、主楼、组成,作为一个整体运作,组成城堡的防御系统。城堡进行防御的武器有许多种,主要是巨石、箭镞、希腊火、挂钩、滚烫的溶液等。攻城的装备除了简单的云梯之外,最常被使用的攻城装备,包括巨型投石机、投石机、攻城塔、撞冲车和大盾牌。城堡是防务设施,其作用在于防卫,同时对敌方形成一定的威慑。积极的防卫者会寻找机会从城堡冲出,突袭攻城的军队。快速的突袭主要可烧毁城墙下的攻城塔或投石机,以拖延攻城的进度并打击攻城者的士气。城堡还可以起到退守的功能,以退为进。战败的军队可暂避于城堡城墙之内,为等待援军争取了宝贵时间,为转败为胜打下基础。城堡具有进攻功能,城堡可以作为进攻基地,城堡还可以保卫胜利成果,城堡是战争中前进的堡垒,是实施层层推进战略的重要工具。城堡在英国乃至欧洲战争中起着很大的作用,维护了一方平安;同时,城堡也成为各级封建领主与中央对抗的资本,成为统一民族国家的障碍。城堡战争促进了西欧国际关系的发展。城堡对我们的防御思想有重大启示:战争的历史就是防守者与进攻者之间持久竞争引起的军事技术不断变化的过程,军事堡垒的建造促使用于围攻堡垒的新设备很快发明,新技术很快产生。防御的目的是保护自己,如何更好的保护自己?防御必须大力发展防御武器和进攻武器,在防御的同时必须实施反击、反攻或进攻,必须迅速挫败敌人进攻。反击是防御的重要组成部分,所以防御既要发展防御武器,更要发展进攻武器。一个国家只有对其他国家形成威慑力,才能具有防御能力,这也是现代军事竞赛的根源之一。城堡对西方的影响是深远的,城堡成为西方文化的一朵奇葩。
[Abstract]:The castle is an important phenomenon in the history of the Medieval Western Europe and a key to the understanding of the medieval history of Western Europe. The medieval castle, mainly refers to the hillock castle castle and the later Masonry Structure Castle, which appeared in the ninth Century. It was the great development period of the castle construction in the year of ninth Century and the new historical stage in the history of the castle architecture. The most important sign is that the Civil Structure Castle is replaced by a stone structure castle. The walls of the castle and the core buildings in the castle, such as the tower building, are made of stone. After the stone is replaced by the wood as the main material, the size, structure, and shape of the castle are all changed. The structure of the castle is designed to adapt to the army. The castle is mainly a military command. The castle is the main command center of the army and a fortress on which the aristocrats control the surrounding area, as the monarch or army of the invaders. It was impossible to conquer a castle in the first place, and it would not be possible to conquer a region and rule it; in the middle ages of Europe, the size of the war was frequent, and the establishment of a castle was the most reliable defense in the war. In the middle ages, Western Europe faced the invaders from four eight parties, the royal families, the royal family and the royal family. Between the local aristocracy, the local aristocracy fought against each other for territorial and sphere of influence. The castle was famous for its delicate defence and most of the medieval wars were around the castle. The war before the Middle Ages was mostly on the plane. In the early Middle Ages, the war changed from plane confrontation into stereoscopic confrontation. The wall of the castle turned from the original wooden fence to the earth, more and more heavy and tall, from the simple defense to the defensive attack. The most glorious period of the castle was the fullest period of its attack and defence, and the time when the inhabitants of the region were most dependent on it. From tenth Century to thirteenth Century, the castle function was a military machine, But in 14 and fifteenth Century, the role of the castle was almost completely changed. They were replaced by the fortress used by the artillery. The history of the castle was an important part of the history of Western military development. The development of the castle led to the development of the weapons of the city of attack. The development of the castle showed the inheritance of Western military thought and the development of the castle for the West invading the East. It laid a solid foundation for the west to dominate the world. The most decisive advantage of the war lies in the ability to make up for inferiority. The Western armed forces often rely on the advanced technology to make up their disadvantages. The west is using the castle to make up the shortage of the army. The rapid response ability of this innovation quickly became the characteristic of the Western military culture. The defense system mainly consists of the gates, the fort, the walls, the battlements, the arrows, the moat, the trenches, the suspension bridges, the towers, the main buildings, as a whole, the defense system of the castle. The fortifications of the castle have many kinds of weapons, mainly boulders and arrowhead, Greek fire, PEG, hot solution, etc., the most often used equipment of the city of attack in addition to a simple ladder, including a giant staggers, a stone throwing machine, a siege tower, a bump car and a large shield. The castle is a defense facility, its role is to defend the enemy, and to a certain deterrent to the enemy. The active defender will find opportunities from the castle. The fast raids can burn down the city tower or the stone throwing machine under the wall to procrastinate the progress of the city and the morale of the city. The castle can also act as a retreat. The defeated army can stay away from the castle wall for waiting for the waiting for the army. The castle has the offensive function, the castle can be the base of attack, the castle can also defend the victory, the castle is a fortress in the war and an important tool for the implementation of the stratagem. The castle plays a great role in the war in Britain and in Europe, maintaining the peace of one side; and the castle becomes the feudal lords at all levels and the feudal lords at all levels. The capital of the central confrontation has become an obstacle to the unification of the national state. The castle war has promoted the development of the international relations in Western Europe. The castle has a great inspiration to our defense ideology: the history of the war is the continuous change in the military technology caused by the persistent competition between the defenders and the offenders, and the construction of the military fortress is used for the fortress besieged. New equipment is quickly invented, new technology is quickly produced. The purpose of defense is to protect yourself and how to protect yourself better? The defense must vigorously develop the defense and attack weapons. At the same time, the defense must carry out counterattack, counter attack or attack. The enemy must quickly defeat the enemy's attack. Counterattack is an important part of the defense, so defense is both necessary. It is also one of the roots of the modern military competition. The castle has a profound influence on the west, and the castle becomes a wonderful flower of the western culture.

【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K13

【参考文献】