克莱与美国对德政策的制定和实施（1945-1948）

发布时间：2018-05-03 02:39

本文选题：克莱 + 美国对德政策　；参考：《华东师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：二战后,美国对德政策经历了从严厉到温和,再到重建与扶植的转变。这个转变的根源是美国国家利益与国际形势的变化,但是这一转变在美国决策层的发生及其对战后德国的影响,都离不开美占区军事长官克莱的推动。由于克莱在美占区负责军事政府事宜,所以他对于占领区的实际情况和盟国管制委员会中的争论最为熟悉,也因此成为美国决策层的情报员,深得贝尔纳斯和马歇尔等人的信任,并为他们主导制定的对德政策出谋划策,甚至是建议和修改。从JCS1067到斯图加特演说,再到JCS1779及货币改革和马歇尔计划的实施,这些政策和决定都少不了克莱的作用。由于占领初期美国决策层内部的意见分歧,以及占领工作面临的实际情况不断变化的原因,美国政府始终缺少一套稳定和持久的对德政策。这一方面造成美国对德政策的不确定性,另一方面也给占领区军事长官留下了较大的自主空问。换言之,克莱可以在不违反既定占领法规的前提下,按照自己的意愿解释和实施某些政策,控制对德改造的实施过程。实际上,无论是严厉的JCS1067,还是四国一致难以达成的波茨坦公告,都没能束缚住克莱的手脚。克莱一边重建德国的民主政治,一边恢复德国的生产与贸易,将更多的权力转交到德国人手中,要求德国人建立对自己负责的政府。为了尽早实现德国在经济上的自给,他提出并实现了工业水平计划的修改、拆卸计划的中止、双占区的合并,并在此基础上推动实施货币改革,促成整个西占区的联合,为迎接马歇尔计划铺平了道路。当柏林危机发生时,克莱力主空运支援柏林,并成功组织了维持西柏林250万市民日常供给的空运,为美国赢得外交优势。总之,无论是战后美国对德政策的制定还是其实施,克莱都在其中发挥着举足轻重的作用。
[Abstract]:After World War II, American policy towards Germany underwent a transformation from severe to moderate, then to reconstruction and support. The root of this change is the change in the national interests of the United States and the changes in the international situation. However, the emergence of this change at the decision-making level in the United States and its impact on postwar Germany can not be separated from the push of Clay, the military commander of the United States occupation region. Since Clay is responsible for military affairs in the occupied areas of the United States, he is most familiar with the actual situation in the occupied territories and the debates in the Allied Control Committee. As a result, he became an intelligence agent at the decision-making level in the United States. He was trusted by Berners and Marshall, and advised, even suggested, and modified the policies they led. From JCS1067 to Stuttgart, to the JCS1779 and the implementation of currency reform and the Marshall Plan, these policies and decisions were not without Clay's role. Due to the differences of opinion within the decision-making circles in the early days of the occupation and the changing reality of the occupation, the United States government has always lacked a stable and lasting policy towards Germany. On the one hand, the uncertainty of US policy towards Germany, on the other hand, left the occupied military commander with a larger independent air question. In other words, Clay could explain and implement certain policies according to his own wishes, and control the implementation of the German transformation without violating the established occupation laws. Indeed, neither the tough JCS 1067 nor the hard-to-reach Potsdam announcement had tied Clay's hands and feet. While rebuilding German democracy, Clay restored German production and trade, transferred more power to the Germans and demanded that the Germans establish a government that was accountable to them. In order to realize Germany's economic self-sufficiency as soon as possible, he proposed and realized the revision of the industrial level plan, the suspension of the demolition plan, the merger of the dual occupation areas, and on this basis promoted the implementation of currency reform and led to the union of the entire Western occupation area. It paved the way for the Marshall Plan. When the Berlin crisis broke out, Clay supported Berlin by air and successfully organized an airlift to maintain the daily supply of 2.5 million people in West Berlin, thus winning a diplomatic advantage for the United States. In short, Clay played an important role in the formulation and implementation of postwar American policy on Germany.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D871.2;K153

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