“罗斯”名称的起源与古罗斯国家的形成

发布时间：2018-05-03 08:01

本文选题：“罗斯” + 瓦良格人　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：俄国史学界对“罗斯”名称起源与古罗斯国家形成问题存在长期争论。本文对俄国及国外文献史料考辨分析后认为,瓦良格人、罗斯人更人可能是诺曼人,他们来自斯堪的纳维亚半岛。考古资料也证明沃尔霍夫-第聂伯河水道和伏尔加河水道所有关键商站的物质文化本身都带有斯堪的纳维亚的遗迹。东欧平原的自然地理环境及其四邻关系决定了东斯拉夫人最初的社会组织形式和国家形成模式。自然条件的恶劣,农业经济的分散和落后,社会分化的缓慢,使得东斯拉夫人在古罗斯国家的形成过程中只起到了奠基作用,他们只能等待机遇和外部动力才能建立古罗斯国家。这种机遇就是与拜古庭帝国广泛的国际商贸活动,外部动力则是为这种商贸活动所吸引的、来自斯堪的纳维亚的瓦良格人。建立在征服与贸易之上的罗斯国家,其社会经济制度和政治制度更多表现为城市公社对土地拥有最高所有权,进入城市公社的社会核心阶层集体占有土地,并在政治上通过维彻(市民大会)维护城市公社与王公之间的权力平衡,从而形成一种较为特殊的城邦国家。本文具体研究内容主要包括以下几个部分：第一章：关于古罗斯国家起源与瓦良格问题的争论。本章主要对自1749年Г.Φ.米勒尔与M.B.罗蒙诺索夫公开辩论以来所形成的诺曼派与反诺曼派之间250多年的争论进行了述评,旨在从史学史方面介绍俄国和西方学界对此问题争论的主要观点及论据。第二章：罗斯名称的起源。重点分析了俄国与西方文献中有关“罗斯”名称起源问题的记述。主要引用古罗斯编年史《往年纪事》、法兰克史籍《别尔京编年史》、拜占庭史料《帝国行政论》、阿拉伯游记《利萨列》等文献记载。在详细分析“Pycb”与“Pocb”语言学之间的关系后认为,“Pycb”一词才是古罗斯名称的本源,其最早是按照职业特征称呼来到芬兰地域上的斯堪的纳维亚人。第三章：斯堪的纳维亚人在东欧平原的活动遗迹。主要评述并引用了沙俄时期、苏联时期以及近年来俄国在古罗斯国家起源问题研究中的考古学资料,依据对东欧平原有关地区的考古发掘报告、统计资料和相关论文的分析,进一步肯定了斯堪的纳维亚人在东欧地区的广泛存在。第四章：古罗斯国家的形成。本章首先从国家起源一般理论方面批驳了苏联及近年来俄国学者在古罗斯国家形成问题上的理论观点。其次详细分析论证了“商业罗斯”与“农业罗斯”在国家形成中所起到的作用,但是这种外因与内因的研究角度无法同答古罗斯国家形成的特殊性问题。因此,笔者又以罗斯地区自然地理环境和民族广泛交流的大环境背景为研究视角对古罗斯国家起源问题进行了论述。本章最后,具体分析论证了罗斯的城邦国家形态。结语部分主要是从以上四个部分对本文写作的主要观点及理论主旨进行的总结。
[Abstract]:Russian historians have long debated the origin of the name Ross and the formation of the ancient Ross state. After analyzing the historical data of Russian and foreign literature, it is concluded that the Varyag and the Roses may be Normans, and they are from Scandinavia. Archaeological data also show that the material culture of all key commercial stations in the Walhoff-Dnieper channel and the Volga waterway contains Scandinavian relics. The natural geographical environment of the Eastern European Plain and its neighboring relations determine the initial social organization and the state formation mode of the East Slavic people. The poor natural conditions, the scattered and backward agricultural economy, and the slow social differentiation made the East Slavic people play a fundamental role in the formation of the ancient country. They had to wait for opportunity and external power to build the ancient Ross state. This opportunity was a widespread international trade activity with the Baiutian Empire, and the external drive was attracted by the Varyag from Scandinavia. The social and economic system and political system of Ross, which is based on conquest and trade, is manifested in that the city commune has the highest ownership of the land, and the social core class that enters the city commune collectively occupies the land. In politics, it maintains the balance of power between the city commune and the princes through the city council, thus forming a special city-state state. This paper mainly includes the following parts: Chapter one: the debate about the origin of ancient Ross and Varyag. This chapter is mainly concerned with the history of the economic development since 1749. Millar and M. B. More than 250 years of debates between the Norman school and the anti-Norman school formed since Lomonosov's public debate were reviewed in order to introduce the main viewpoints and arguments of Russian and Western scholars on this issue from the historical history. Chapter two: the origin of Ross name. This paper focuses on the description of the origin of the name "Ross" in Russian and Western literature. The main references are the chronicles of Guros, the Chronicles of previous years, the Historical Books of Frank, the Chronicles of Beergin, the Historical Materials of Byzantium, the Theory of Imperial Administration, and the Arab Journey, the History of Lisalli, and so on. After detailed analysis of the relationship between "Pycb" and "Pocb" linguistics, it is concluded that the word "Pycb" is the origin of the ancient Ross name, and it is the Scandinavian people who came to Finland according to their professional characteristics. Chapter three: the remains of Scandinavian activity in the plains of Eastern Europe. This paper mainly reviews and quotes the archaeological data of Russia during the Russian period, the Soviet period and recent years in the study of the origin of the ancient Ross state, based on the archaeological excavation reports, statistical data and related papers on the Eastern European Plains. The extensive presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe was further affirmed. Chapter four: the formation of ancient Ross country. This chapter first refutes the theoretical views of Soviet Union and Russian scholars on the formation of ancient Ross state from the point of view of the general theory of the origin of the state. Secondly, it analyzes and demonstrates in detail the role played by "commercial Ross" and "agricultural Ross" in the formation of the country, but this kind of external cause and internal cause can not be studied from the perspective of the particularity of the formation of the ancient Ross country. Therefore, the author discusses the origin of ancient Ross from the angle of view of the natural geographical environment and the background of extensive communication between nationalities. At the end of this chapter, the author analyzes and demonstrates Ross's city-state state. The conclusion part is a summary of the main viewpoints and theoretical purport of this thesis from the above four parts.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K512.31

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