试论美浓部达吉的“天皇机关说”

发布时间：2018-05-09 13:51

本文选题：国家团体说 + 国家法人说　；参考：《哈尔滨师范大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 大正时期是日本近代史上一段重要的历史时期,这一时期的宪法思想较以前更具科学性,“天皇机关说”就是这段时期比较具有代表性的思想之一。该思想的产生是日本的立宪进程不断向前发展的结果；明治末期藩阀政府衰败、政党政治兴起、中间阶层崛起、个人主义兴盛,为“天皇机关说”的产生奠定了社会条件；德国耶利内克的国家学说也成为“天皇机关说”的重要理论来源。“天皇机关说”在“国家团体说”的基础上主要由“国家法人说”和“天皇机关说”构成。该理论认为国家主权并不属于天皇,天皇仅为国家机关之一,必须依据宪法行使其职能,国家统治权应当属于作为法人的国家,天皇作为国家最高机关行使统治权。该理论与“天皇主权说”直接相对,引发了美浓部达吉与国体论者之间的争论。大正时期的“天皇机关说”与明治时期的“天皇主权说”之间,既存在着继承关系又包含着扬弃的关系,因此二者既有分歧又存在着共性,这显示了“天皇机关说”既具有自由民主的先进性,同时也遗传了封建专制的特性。“天皇机关说”是美浓部达吉试图运用西方法理为天皇处于国家的权利中心位置找出更符合西方法理的合理解释。“天皇机关说”在1935年的国体明征运动中被法西斯镇压,这是与明治宪法体制的二重性分不开的。因此,“天皇机关说”的产生发展与终结是明治宪法体制发展轨迹的预示。
[Abstract]:Dazheng period is an important historical period in the modern history of Japan. The constitutional thought of this period is more scientific than that of the past. "the Imperial Organ Theory" is one of the more representative thoughts in this period. The emergence of this thought is the result of the continuous development of the constitutional process in Japan, the decline of the vassal government in the late Meiji period, the rise of the political party, the rise of the middle class, the prosperity of individualism, and the establishment of social conditions for the emergence of the "emperor's organ theory". German Jelinek's theory of the state also became an important theoretical source of the Emperor's Organ Theory. On the basis of the theory of national organization, the theory of the emperor's organ is mainly composed of the theory of the state law and the theory of the emperor's organ. The theory holds that the sovereignty of the state does not belong to the emperor, the emperor is only one of the state organs, and must exercise its functions according to the constitution. The state ruling power should belong to the state as a legal person and the emperor as the supreme organ of the state. This theory is directly opposite to the theory of emperor's sovereignty, which leads to the controversy between the American Ministry Daghi and the nationalists. There is not only inheritance relationship but also sublation relationship between "imperial organ theory" in Taisho period and "emperor sovereignty theory" in Meiji period, so there are both differences and commonalities between them. This shows that the Imperial Organ Theory has not only the advanced nature of freedom and democracy, but also the characteristic of feudal autocracy. Daghi tried to use western jurisprudence to find a reasonable explanation for the emperor's position in the center of power of the country. The Emperor's Office was suppressed by fascism in 1935, which was inseparable from the duality of the Meiji constitutional system. Therefore, the emergence, development and end of the emperor's organ theory are the predictors of the development of Meiji constitutional system.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K313.4

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