罗伯斯庇尔由坚持法制走向恐怖政治的原因

发布时间：2018-05-13 21:24

本文选题：罗伯斯庇尔 + 法制　；参考：《山东大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：1789年法国大革命爆发之前,罗伯斯庇尔参加了三级会议。他当时作为阿勒斯的一名律师,尊崇法律的社会权威,并主张通过制定公正法律,维护社会公平正义,寻求建立君主立宪制政体。但在1793年,雅各宾派执掌政权的之后,作为领导人的罗伯斯庇尔却发动了震惊世界的恐怖统治,法律权威被彻底践踏。在罗伯斯庇尔对从支持法制到实施恐怖政治的转变过程中,当时的派系关系、政治形势及罗伯斯庇尔个人思想均发挥了重要的作用。本文将分三个部分,对这一转变的原因进行论述。第一章主要论述了罗伯斯庇尔在执政后面临的政治派别斗争。当时倒台的吉伦特派、雅各宾派内部的不同派别和保王党派都以不同方式对当政的雅各宾派发起了进攻。同时吉伦特派和保王党派的斗争已经脱离了合法斗争范围,不断发动社会叛乱和暴动,直接威胁到雅各宾派的统治。用合法手段已不可能控制形势的发展,必须采取更为有效的措施快速控制局面。因此,最初坚持法制的罗伯斯庇尔选择用暴力来维护统治地位,稳定政治局面,最终实现全民平等的政治理想。第二章分析了当时的政治形势。尽管当时法国在1791年和1793年分别颁布了两部宪法,但由于政权更迭频繁,都没有付诸实行,法律在社会没有发挥太大影响力。法国当时具有集权制的传统,大革命尽管摧毁了法国的专制制度,但却没有依照法律建立起三权分立的制衡机制,因此雅各宾派统治时期国内一切事务都由救国委员会解决,这无疑为罗伯斯庇尔及其所代表的雅各宾派发动恐怖统治提供了实施条件。与此同时,法国革命进程中,一直存在着恐怖、暴力的传统,是革命斗争的突出形式,对罗伯斯庇尔产生了深刻的影响。而国王审判案,更坚定了罗伯斯庇尔运用暴力打击敌人,实现革命理想的决心。第三章追溯了罗伯斯庇尔的政治思想。当时的法国社会各阶层之间,以及阶层内的不同成分之间的矛盾极为尖锐。第三等级在社会中没有地位,其中某些社会成分处境艰难,加上卢梭人民主权思想的深刻影响,让罗伯斯庇尔产生了变革社会的决心,也促成了其对未来法国全民平等的政治设想。而当时的法国,社会成分极为复杂,每个社会阶层的利益诉求各不形同,这给罗伯斯庇尔全民平等的政治理想造成了巨大阻力。法国集权制仍有着深刻的社会影响,因此当合法手段无法实现其政治理想的时候,集权制下的恐怖政治成为他的最终选择。第四章论述了罗伯斯庇尔法制思想转变的过程。最初的法制手段,执政后的恐怖手段,都是罗伯斯庇尔实现其政治理想的手段。在革命发展的进程中,包括罗伯斯庇尔执政之前,恐怖和暴力手段一直贯穿其中,并在几个关键时期发挥了积极作用,这让的罗伯斯庇尔一步步放弃了对法制的坚持,依据当时的革命形势,选择了短期内最有效的暴力手段来实现人民平等、自由的政治理想。
[Abstract]:Before the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, Robespierre took part in the three level meeting. As a lawyer of Allers, he respected the social authority of the law and advocated the establishment of a constitutional monarchy by making fair laws, maintaining social justice and justice. But in 1793, after the holding of political power by James, the leader was the leader. Robespierre launched a horror rule that shocked the world, and the authority of the law was trampled completely. In the course of Robespierre's transformation from supporting the legal system to the implementation of the terror politics, the factional relations, political situation and Robespierre's personal thoughts were all played important roles in the process. This article will be divided into three parts, the original of this transformation. As a result of the discussion.
The first chapter mainly discusses the political factions struggle that Robespierre faces after being in power. It is impossible to control the development of the situation by legal means. It is necessary to take more effective measures to control the situation quickly. Therefore, Robespierre, who initially adhered to the legal system, chose to maintain the dominant position with violence, stabilize the political situation, and finally realize the political principle of equality of the whole people. Think.
The second chapter analyzed the political situation at that time. Although France promulgated two constitutions in 1791 and 1793, the law had not been put into practice because of the frequent change of power. The law did not exert too much influence in society. According to the law, the system of balance between the three powers was established, so all the domestic affairs were solved by the national salvation Committee during the period of the rule of James, which undoubtedly provided the conditions for the implementation of the terrorist rule by Robespierre and his representative. At the same time, in the French Revolution, the tradition of terror and violence was the tradition of revolution. The prominent form of the struggle of life had a profound influence on Robespierre, and the king's trial was more determined by the determination of Robespierre to use violence to combat the enemy and achieve the ideal of the revolution.
The third chapter traces back to the political thought of Robespierre. The contradiction between the various classes of the French society and the different components of the class was extremely sharp. The third rank had no status in society. Some of the social elements were difficult, and the profound influence of the thought of the sovereignty of the people of Rousseau led Robespierre to change. The determination of the society also contributed to its political vision for the equality of the whole people in France in the future. In France at that time, the social composition of the society was very complex, and the interests of every social class were different, which caused great resistance to Robespierre's political ideal for equality for all. The French centralism still had a profound social influence and therefore was a legal hand. In the absence of political ideals, totalitarian terrorism became his ultimate choice.
The fourth chapter expounds the process of the transformation of Robespierre's legal ideology. The initial legal means and the terrorist means after being in power are the means for Robespierre to realize his political ideal. In the course of the development of the revolution, before Robespierre is in power, the means of terror and violence run through them, and they have accumulated in several critical periods. As a result, Robespierre gave up his insistence on the legal system step by step, and chose the most effective means of violence in the short term to achieve the political ideals of equality and freedom, according to the revolutionary situation at that time.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K565.45

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