遏制战略下的美国对外援助：1947-1974

发布时间：2018-05-14 03:07

本文选题：冷战 + 遏制战略　；参考：《上海社会科学院》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 遏制战略是冷战期间美国国家安全战略的核心。围绕这一总体战略,为遏制苏联、取得冷战胜利,冷战期间的历届美国政府采取了多种政策。其中,对外援助发挥了重要且独特的作用。本文结合美国政府解密文献,对1947-1974年间美国对外援助的史实进行评析,采用历史分析、政策分析和数据分析等方法,将美国对外援助置于美国总体国家安全战略——遏制战略这一大框架内思考,力图通过考察美国在冷战各个阶段遏制战略的调整变化,以及与此相对应的对外援助政策的变化和走向,来分析美国如何将援助政策作为遏制战略的一个重要组成部分加以实施。全文除引言和结论外,正文部分主要包括四个方面。引言部分主要叙述了遏制战略的由来,研究领域的基本情况,以及本研究的学术价值和现实意义。第一部分,杜鲁门政府揭开了冷战对外援助的序幕。冷战爆发初期,为阻止苏联共产主义的扩张,美国向西欧提供援助,稳住了阵脚,促进了战后经济复苏。随着冷战的扩展和深入,美苏冷战的对抗不断加剧,对抗形式也由政治和经济扩展到军事领域,国家安全战略的军事色彩逐步加强。1950年4月NSC68号文件的出台,标志着遏制战略的全面形成。这一阶段美国对外援助项目的重点逐步由经济援助转向军事援助;地理重点也从西欧扩展到世界其他地区;同时,杜鲁门政府时期通过国内立法的方式使对外援助开始走上法制化、正规化的道路。第二部分,艾森豪威尔政府“大平衡”观念下的对外援助。艾森豪威尔第一任期内,推崇“大平衡”观念,注重军事和贸易手段,对外援助的地位有所下降。到了第二任期,在面临苏联的“经济攻势”和第三世界国家日益增长的影响力的情况下,对外援助又重新得到艾森豪威尔政府的重视。总体说来,艾森豪威尔时期美国的对外援助经历了一个由漠视到重视的过程。这说明对外援助作为冷战时期遏制战略的一个重要工具,有其不可替代的特殊作用;同时,也表明美国的对外援助政策很大程度上受美国总体国家战略的调整和领导人的执政理念的影响。第三部分,肯尼迪、约翰逊政府阶段的美国对外援助经历了大发展,也面临着大转折。肯尼迪强调“以粮食换和平”计划的政治意义,创立“和平队”,建立“争取进步同盟”和制定《1961年对外援助法》积极推进对外援助,特别是加强针对第三世界国家的发展援助。这一时期,美国确立了外援的长远目标,开始与盟国和国际组织共同分担援助。对外援助取得了良好的效果,增强了美国的软实力。约翰逊总统虽然继承了前任的政策,但此时的美国逐渐陷入越战,肯尼迪提出的“理想主义”式的对外援助初现疲态,美国的对外援助同国家战略一样,走到了十字路口。第四部分,尼克松时期,对外援助在困境中的调整和发展,但同时也暴露出此时对外援助政策实施所面临的重重制约。根据国际关系格局的总体判断和自身实力水平的考量,尼克松政府对外援做出了诸多调整,强调有所为有所不为,战略资源应当“节流”与“开源”并举,提出了以人道主义援助为代表的对外援助的“新方向”。本文的结论部分概括叙述了1947-1974年间美国的对外援助,认为美国对外援助是遏制战略的一部分,是配合美国对外通过军事威慑、势力范围争夺、地缘政治斗争等强制手段的一种柔性手段。对外援助随着美国国家战略的调整而变化,并且在冷战后得以延续。虽然美国的对外援助客观上也为第三世界的发展做出了一定的贡献,但是美国对外援助的支出总量与其他手段相比十分有限,美国对外战略或政策的本质并不是利他主义,对外援助更多的是一种战略工具。
[Abstract]:The containment strategy is at the heart of the U.S . national security strategy during the cold war . Around this overall strategy , in order to contain the Soviet Union and achieve the victory of the Cold War , successive U.S . administrations in the cold war have adopted a variety of policies . Among them , foreign aid has played an important and unique role .

Based on the analysis of U.S . government ' s decrypted literature , this paper analyzes the history of U.S . foreign aid in 1947 - 1974 , uses historical analysis , policy analysis and data analysis , and tries to analyze how the United States will implement aid policy as an important part of the containment strategy by looking at the changes in U.S . foreign aid in various stages of the Cold War and the change and trend of foreign aid policies .

In addition to the preface and conclusion , the text part mainly includes four aspects .

The introduction part mainly describes the origin , the basic situation of the research field and the academic value and practical significance of the research .

At the beginning of the Cold War , in order to prevent the expansion of the Soviet communism , the United States provided assistance to Western Europe and promoted the post - war economic recovery . With the expansion and deepening of the cold war , the confrontation between the U.S . and the Soviet cold war has been intensified . With the expansion and deepening of the Cold War , the military color of the national security strategy has been gradually strengthened .

In the second term , foreign aid under the concept of " big - balance " by the government of the country , under the influence of the Soviet Union ' s " economic offensive " and the growing influence of the third world , has experienced a process of indifference to foreign aid . In general , the foreign aid of the United States in the era of the Soviet Union has experienced a process of indifference to the importance . It also shows that foreign aid is a key tool in the containment strategy of the cold war period and has its irreplaceable special role ; it also shows that the foreign aid policy of the United States is largely influenced by the adjustment of the overall U.S . national strategy and the governing concept of the leaders .

In the third part , the U.S . foreign aid at the Kennedy and Johnson administration stages has undergone great development and faces a turning point . Kennedy stressed the political significance of the " Food for Peace " program , the creation of the " Peace Corps " , the establishment of the " Alliance for Progress " and the development of the 1961 External Assistance Act . The United States has established a long - term goal of foreign aid and has begun to share aid with the allies and international organizations . Foreign aid has gained good results and has strengthened the U.S . soft power .

The fourth part , Nixon ' s period , the adjustment and development of foreign aid in the predicament , but also exposed the heavy constraints faced by the implementation of foreign aid policy at this time . According to the overall judgment of international relations pattern and the consideration of its own strength level , Nixon administration has made many adjustments to foreign aid , emphasizing that the strategic resource should be " throttled " and " open source " and put forward the " new direction " of foreign aid represented by humanitarian assistance .

The conclusion part of this paper outlines the U.S . foreign aid in 1947 - 1974 . The U.S . foreign aid is part of the containment strategy . It is a kind of flexible means to cooperate with the U.S . foreign aid through military deterrence , scope of influence and geopolitical struggle . Although the U.S . foreign aid is objective and has made a certain contribution to the development of the third world , the total expenditure of U.S . foreign aid is very limited compared with other means , and the nature of the U.S . foreign strategy or policy is not egoism and foreign aid is a strategic tool .

【学位授予单位】：上海社会科学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K712.54

【引证文献】