乌尔第三王朝的军屯税

发布时间：2018-05-17 12:22

本文选题：乌尔第三王朝 + gu_2　；参考：《东北师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：乌尔第三王朝是苏美尔文明发展的巅峰,不仅在文化上达到了空前的高度,在经济政治方面也取得了非凡的成就。舒勒吉上台之后,进行了大刀阔斧的改革,形成了一套庞杂而又高度集权的行政管理制度,其中包括了以bala税为代表的贡税体系。而gu_2 ma-da税就是这套贡税体系的一部分,它征收于乌尔第三王朝的外围地区,被运送至普兹瑞什达干司,由其记入档案,进行调配,因此留下了大量的相关文献供我们研究。乌尔第三王朝前期,乌尔纳姆和舒勒吉就通过一系列战争征服了巴比伦尼亚的北部和东北部地区。此后,这一地区就被纳入了舒勒吉创立的贡税体系中,开始向中央交纳gu_2 ma-da。而在普兹瑞什达干司的文献中,从外围区送来的牲畜被归入gu_2、mu-tum2-lugal和gu_2 ma-da这三个不同的类别。在细致考察这三者在物品内容、交纳者以及监管人等方面后可以发现,gu_2是附属国送来的表示臣服的贡物,而gu_2 ma-da是王朝派往其附属国的军队所交纳的土地税,也就是军屯税,它在舒辛三年之前被归入mu-tum2-lugal中。征收gu_2 ma-da税的地区是半包围住乌尔第三王朝核心地区的一个弧形地带,从底格里斯河上游沿着底格里斯河东岸向东南延伸,最北到达尼尼微、阿舒尔和乌尔比鲁姆,东南方向则最远到达突突卜和德尔。由于这一地区具有重要的军事意义,而当地的统治力量相对较弱,王朝就派遣了军队来加强它们的防御能力。除此之外,王朝还对这一地区进行了严密的控制,当地统治者的独立性较小。在舒勒吉时期和阿玛尔辛时期,gu_2 ma-da的征收情况较为稳定繁荣,到了舒辛时期开始锐减,最终停止于伊比辛初年。这也印证了乌尔第三王朝的外围区稳定程度:在舒勒吉和阿玛尔辛时期,乌尔第三王朝的外围区较为稳定,在舒辛时期开始动荡,最后整个地区陷落于伊比辛初年。gu_2 ma-da税所参与的贡税体系以及外围区控制政策是乌尔第三王朝发达的国家管理制度的典型代表,兼顾政治与经济利益,链接核心区与外围区,同时使权力高度集中于国王的手上。然而,这样庞杂的制度不仅需要一个先进的、复杂的官僚机器,还需要王权意识形态和统一的观念在其背后支持,而这个作为古代两河流域历史上第一个真正意义上的中央集权的王朝,乌尔第三王朝还远没有达到这样的条件,过于先进的制度反而成为王朝的负担。最终乌尔第三王朝的“完美设计”难以长久维持,与王朝一起迅速地湮灭了。
[Abstract]:The third Dynasty of Ur was the peak of Sumerian civilization. It not only reached an unprecedented level in culture, but also made remarkable achievements in economy and politics. After Schulerjee came to power, he carried out drastic reform and formed a complex and highly centralized administrative system, including the tribute tax system represented by bala tax. And the gu_2 ma-da tax is part of this system of tribute tax, which was collected in the periphery of the third dynasty of Ur, was transported to the Putzreshdagans, recorded in the file, deployed, and left a lot of relevant documents for us to study. In the early days of the third dynasty, Ulnam and Schulage conquered the northern and northeast parts of Babylonia through a series of wars. Since then, the region has been incorporated into the tribute tax system founded by Schulerjee, which began paying gu_2 ma-da to the central government. In the Putzrushdagan literature, livestock sent from the peripheral areas were classified into three different categories: Gu2mu-tum2-lugal and gu_2 ma-da. After careful examination of the contents of these three items, the payers and the supervisors, we can find that this is the tributary sent by the subordinate states to show their obedience, while the gu_2 ma-da is the land tax paid by the army sent by the dynasty to its subordinate countries, that is, the military and tun taxes. It was included in mu-tum2-lugal three years ago. The gu_2 ma-da tax area is an arc that partially surrounds the heart of the third Ur dynasty, extending southeast from the upper Tigris River along the eastern bank of the Tigris River to Nineveh, Achour, and Urberum as far north as possible. The southeast reaches the farthest to protruding and Dale. Because of the military importance of the region and the relative weakness of local rule, the dynasty sent troops to strengthen their defenses. In addition, the dynasty also exercised strict control over the area, with less independence of the local rulers. During the Schulerjee period and the Amarsin period, the expropriation of the ma-da was relatively stable and prosperous, and finally stopped at the early year of Ibizin when the Shulerjee period began to decline sharply. This also confirms the degree of stability in the outer areas of the third Ur dynasty: during the Schulerjee and Amarsin periods, the outer areas of the third Ur dynasty were relatively stable, and during the Shushin period they began to fluctuate. Finally, the whole region fell in the early year of Ibisin. Gu2 ma-da tax system participated in the tribute tax system and the peripheral control policy is a typical representative of the developed state management system of the third Dynasty of Ur, taking into account political and economic interests, linking the core area with the peripheral area. At the same time, power was highly concentrated in the hands of the king. Such a complex system, however, requires not only an advanced, complex bureaucratic machine, but also a Wang Quan ideology and a unified concept behind it. As the first real centralized dynasty in the history of the ancient two river basins, the third Ur dynasty was far from meeting such conditions, and an overly advanced system became a burden to the dynasty. In the end, the third dynasty's "perfect design" could not be sustained for a long time, and quickly annihilated along with the dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K12

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