论理查一世在第三次十字军中的成就及其原因

发布时间：2018-05-18 11:15

本文选题：理查一世 + 第三次十字军　；参考：《河北师范大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 东方十字军在“欧洲的成长”过程中占有独特地位。在某种意义上,第三次十字军是东方十字军的顶点。理查一世在第三次十字军中扮演主角、成就卓著。第三次十字军在很大程度上就是理查一世的十字军。第三次十字军对未来东地中海区域十字军和天主教世界扩张均产生深远影响。本文由前言、正文、结语和附录构成,附录有一个大事年表和两幅地图。前言论及本论题的研究意义和研究综述。正文分为三个部分。第一部分介绍第三次十字军的起源和发动,理查作为安茹帝国统治者的崛起及其十字军准备活动。欧洲混乱状态导致十字军史上“休耕期”的到来。理查与叛乱贵族、他的兄弟父亲以及法王交战,最终成为安茹帝国最高统治者。哈丁战役的惨败和耶路撒冷的陷落重新激起西方沉寂已久的十字军热情。理查一世依托亨利二世在政府体制上的巨大成就,为海外冒险筹得不可或缺的物质资源。第二部分论述理查一世在第三次十字军中的成就。理查一世取得的阿克攻城战和阿尔苏夫战役的完全胜利,极大削弱穆斯林军队的战斗力。其间,他积极主动与穆斯林世界展开频繁的友好接触和复杂谈判,有助于缓和双方宗教对立情绪,增进相互了解,确保十字军战果。《雅法条约》表明,萨拉丁业已承认法兰克人势力在圣地的合法地位。理查一世征服塞浦路斯后,它始终是十字军国家的粮仓,东方十字军的跳板以及西欧人在东地中海区域的惟一前哨。第三部分分析理查一世取得十字军成就的原因。从萨拉丁方面来看,其精神力量和军事优势被帝国种族矛盾、政治困境和外交孤立所抵消,但穆斯林仍具潜在的绝对实力。从理查一世方面来看,其忤慢的个性特征、骁勇的骑士作为,出色的作战经验,尤其是雄厚的物质资源,都迫使萨拉丁作出让步,但法兰克人亦困难重重。法兰克人与穆斯林的和解既是双方僵持的直接结果,又是彼此商业联系、社会交往和文化交流的重要反映。结语部分指出第三次十字军的重大影响。
[Abstract]:The Eastern Crusades occupy a unique position in the process of European growth. In a sense, the third Crusade was the culmination of the Eastern Crusades. Richard I played the leading role in the third Crusade and achieved great success. The third Crusade was, to a large extent, Richard I's Crusade. The third Crusade had a profound impact on the future of the Eastern Mediterranean Crusades and the expansion of the Catholic world. This paper consists of preface, text, conclusion and appendix, which has a chronology and two maps. The research significance and research summary of the former speech and this thesis. The text is divided into three parts. The first part introduces the origin and initiation of the third Crusade, the rise of Richard as the ruler of the Anjou Empire and his preparations for the Crusade. The chaos in Europe led to the arrival of the "fallow period" in the history of the Crusaders. Richard fought with the rebel aristocracy, his brother, his father, and the French king, and eventually became the supreme ruler of the Anjou Empire. The defeat of the Battle of Harding and the fall of Jerusalem rekindled the longstanding enthusiasm of the Western Crusaders. Relying on Henry II's great achievements in the system of government, Richard I raised indispensable material resources for overseas adventures. The second part discusses the achievements of Richard I in the third Crusade. The complete victory of Richard I in the Battle of Ark and the Battle of Alsuf greatly weakened the effectiveness of the Muslim army. During this period, he proactively initiated frequent friendly contacts and complex negotiations with the Muslim world, which helped to ease the religious antagonism between the two sides, enhance mutual understanding, and ensure the success of the crusades. The Treaty of Yaffa shows that Saladin had recognized the legal status of the Franks in the Holy Land. After Richard I conquered Cyprus, it remained the granary of the Crusades, the springboard of the Eastern Crusaders, and the only outpost of the Western Europeans in the Eastern Mediterranean. The third part analyzes the reasons for Richard I's achievements in the Crusades. From Saladin's point of view, its spiritual power and military superiority were offset by imperial racial contradictions, political dilemmas and diplomatic isolation, but Muslims still had potential absolute power. Richard I's slow personality, his valiant knights, and his excellent combat experience, especially his vast material resources, forced Saladin to make concessions, but the Franks also had difficulties. The reconciliation between the Franks and Muslims is not only the direct result of the standoff, but also the important reflection of the business, social and cultural exchanges. The conclusion points out the great influence of the third Crusade.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K132

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