现代叙利亚政治发展进程浅析

发布时间：2018-05-19 01:33

本文选题：叙利亚 + 政治发展　；参考：《西北大学》2005年硕士论文

【摘要】：现代叙利亚是在经历了复杂的历史变迁之后形成的现代民族国家。叙利亚的现代政治发展进程肇始于第一次世界大战末期奥斯曼帝国解体。摆脱奥斯曼帝国的统治之后,叙利亚民族主义者开始寻求建立独立的民族国家。但在殖民主义者的强权政治下,法国最终获得了叙利亚的委任统治权。在经历了长达26年的殖民统治后,1946年叙利亚获得完全独立。独立国家的建立,翻开了叙利亚政治发展的新篇章。然而独立之初,政治上尚不成熟的民族政府无力应对国内外问题,致使军人多次走上政治前台。1963年复兴党通过军事政变登上政治舞台,建立了一党执政、党政合一的政治体制,但其内部由于权力之争和政见分歧发生了两次分裂,在新老两代复兴党人的斗争中,新生代占据上风并掌握了政权。不久其内部务实派和激进派的分歧导致了又一次分裂,务实派代表阿萨德脱颖而出。此后,叙利亚政治生活逐步进入到一个稳定的发展时期。阿萨德时代(1970—2000)是叙利亚当代史上的重要时期,其政府的执政能力是现代叙利亚历史上任何一任政府所不能比拟的。阿萨德在其执政的三十年内,建立起了全国性的政治权威,并实现了叙利亚有史以来从未有过的政治稳定,经济在这一时期也获得了较大发展。阿萨德政权之所以取得这样的成就是与叙利亚独特的政治体制密不可分的。阿萨德运用军队、复兴党和官僚机构的力量,并通过对社会组织的强有力控制,建立起具有家长制色彩的一党制总统权威体制。依靠这种体制,阿萨德将叙利亚从一个涣散弱小的国家改造成一个地区强国。该体制一方面基本上适应了叙利亚社会发展的客观需要,具有一定的合法性与合理性;另一方面该体制存在很大的局限性。在这种体制下,民主的发展受到了限制,甚至某些方面与民主的要求背道而驰,一定程度上引起了民众的不满。但总体而言,阿萨德毕竟建立起了全国性的政治权威,实现了国家力量的增强,这是现阶段叙利亚首要的发展目标,也为其后续发展打下了基础。叙利亚的现代政治发展历程呈现出许多特征,对这些特征的总结和分析,为我们深刻了解叙利亚的政治提供了便利条件。本文以叙利亚的历史演变为主体脉络,以史实为依托,结合历史学、政治学、以及现代化理论及方法,就叙利亚的现代政治发展历程进行个案研究。其目的是展现叙利亚现代政治的发展状况,为其本国和其他发展中国家的政治发展提供一些借鉴。
[Abstract]:Modern Syria is a modern nation-state formed after complicated historical changes. The development of modern politics in Syria began with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire at the end of the first World War. Freed from Ottoman rule, Syrian nationalists sought to establish an independent nation-state. But under colonialist power politics, France eventually won Syria's mandate. Syria gained full independence in 1946 after 26 years of colonial rule. The establishment of an independent state opened a new chapter in Syria's political development. However, at the beginning of independence, the political immature national government was unable to deal with domestic and foreign problems, which caused the military to step onto the political front many times. In 1963, the Baath Party stepped onto the political stage through a military coup, and established a political system of one-party governance and integration of the party and government. However, because of the power struggle and political differences, the new generation gained the upper hand and took power in the struggle between the new and the old Baath Party. Soon after, divisions between its pragmatic and radical factions led to another split, with the pragmatists standing out on behalf of Assad. Since then, Syrian political life has gradually entered a stable period of development. The Assad era (1970-2000) is an important period in the modern history of Syria, and the ability of its government to govern is incomparable to any other government in modern Syrian history. During his three decades in power, Assad established national political authority and achieved political stability that Syria has never seen before. The Assad regime's achievement is inextricably linked to Syria's unique political system. Using the forces of the army, the Baath Party and the bureaucracy, and through strong control of social organizations, Assad established a one-party presidential authority system with a patriarchal system. With this system, Assad transformed Syria from a weak country into a regional power. On the one hand, the system basically meets the objective needs of social development in Syria, and has certain legitimacy and rationality; on the other hand, it has great limitations. In this system, the development of democracy is restricted, even some aspects run counter to the demands of democracy, which to some extent arouses people's dissatisfaction. But overall, Assad has built up national political authority and increased national power, which is Syria's top development goal at this stage and laid the foundation for its future development. The course of modern political development in Syria presents many characteristics. The summary and analysis of these characteristics provide us with convenient conditions for us to deeply understand Syrian politics. This paper takes the historical evolution of Syria as the main thread, historical facts as the basis, combined with history, political science, as well as modernization theory and methods, to conduct a case study of Syria's modern political development process. Its purpose is to show the development of modern politics in Syria, and to provide some reference for the political development of Syria and other developing countries.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K376.5

【引证文献】