论英国敞田制度的衰败

发布时间：2018-05-19 02:09

本文选题：英国 + 敞田制　；参考：《四川师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：敞田制是英国中世纪最主要的土地制度,它为中世纪英国庄园农业生产的顺利进行提供了保障,是英国前工业社会的经济基础。它形成于盎格鲁-撒克逊时代晚期,一直持续到19世纪后期才消失于英国土地上。敞田制存在前期,它是适应英国农业发展需要的,有力地促进了英国社会经济地进步。12-13世纪,敞田制在英国进入了鼎盛时期,分布在全国绝大多数地方。到了14世纪中期,英国因为疾病人口锐减,导致敞田上的劳动力严重缺乏。加之敞田制的本身所具有的分散性、强制性的弊端,对社会经济的发展造成了阻碍。土地所有者开始转变生产经营模式,土地出租开始出现并不断发展,逐渐打破了原先敞地上的分散状态,农业生产者也开始进行自主生产。在16世纪,圈地运动兴起,更为全面的破坏了敞田制。18世纪开始的议会圈地运动,给敞田制造成了致命一击,将敞田制彻底终结。敞田制的衰败大致可以分成三个时期,第一时期是14世纪中期以前,这时敞田制还处于发展上升时期,并没有明显遭到破坏的痕迹,只有一些即将遭到破坏的征兆出现。如农民为了解决农村的土地问题、制度问题、人口增长问题,调整了土地的分配结构。第二时期是14世纪中期到16世纪初,敞田制开始遭到破坏,且在一系列因素的推动下加速衰败的过程。如土地出租所带来的货币地租,人口减少造成的雇佣关系以及商业兴盛改变了农村的生产结构,这些都发展了农村的商品经济,推动了农业现代化的发展。第三时期是16-19世纪,敞田制在此时全面崩溃,从生产经营方式到土地占有方式全面改变,近代农业生产方式在农村确立。如租地农场采取的资本主义生产经营方式,圈地终结了敞田分散的特性。敞田制的衰败对农业发展产生的影响以积极方面为主。它导致了农业人口结构的改变,提高了农业劳动力的生产积极性;它增加了可耕地的面积,提升了农业产量;它吸引了大量资金投入农业,促进了农村商品化进程;它迫使统治阶级改变农业政策,为农村稳定发展提供支持。
[Abstract]:Open field system is the most important land system in England in the Middle Ages, which provided the guarantee for the smooth development of agricultural production of British manors in the Middle Ages and was the economic basis of the pre-industrial society in England. It was formed in the late Anglo-Saxon era and lasted until the late 19 th century when it disappeared on English soil. In the early stage of the open field system, it was adapted to the needs of the agricultural development in England and promoted the progress of the British society and economy in the 12th and 13th centuries. The open field system in England entered its peak period and was distributed in most parts of the country. By the middle of the 14 th century, Britain suffered a severe shortage of labour in the open field due to a sharp decline in the number of people suffering from disease. In addition, the open-field system has its own dispersive and compulsory disadvantages, which hinder the development of social economy. The landowners began to change the mode of production and management, the land lease began to appear and develop, gradually broke the original open land dispersion, agricultural producers also began to produce autonomously. In the 16th century, the rise of the ring movement, more comprehensive destruction of the open field system. 18 th century the parliamentary enclosure movement, to open field into a fatal blow, the open field system is completely ended. The decline of open field system can be divided into three periods. The first period was before the middle of the 14th century. At this time, the open field system was still in the period of development and rising, and there was no obvious sign of destruction, only some signs of imminent destruction appeared. For example, in order to solve the problems of rural land, system and population growth, farmers have adjusted the land distribution structure. The second period was from the middle of the 14th century to the beginning of the 16th century, the open field system began to be destroyed, and accelerated the process of decline by a series of factors. For example, the money rent brought by the land lease, the employment relationship caused by the decrease of the population and the prosperity of commerce have changed the rural production structure. All these have developed the rural commodity economy and promoted the development of agricultural modernization. The third period was 16-19 century, when the open field system completely collapsed, from the mode of production and management to the mode of land occupation, the modern agricultural production mode was established in the countryside. For example, the capitalist mode of production and management adopted by the land rental farm, closed the open field to end the characteristics of dispersion. The decline of open-field system has a positive effect on the development of agriculture. It leads to the change of the agricultural population structure and improves the productive enthusiasm of the agricultural labor force, it increases the area of arable land and increases the agricultural output, it attracts a lot of funds into agriculture, and promotes the process of rural commercialization. It forces the ruling class to change its agricultural policy to support stable rural development.
【学位授予单位】：四川师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K561.3

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