罗马共和国时期的农业研究

发布时间：2018-05-19 19:53

本文选题：罗马 + 共和国　；参考：《东北师范大学》2007年博士论文

【摘要】： 受其他民族影响及意大利得天独厚的气候和地理优势,罗马人自古即奉行重农思想,这种思想不仅培养其勤勉、坚强、爱国的性格,而且也激励罗马人为发展农业生产而觊觎更多土地的好战精神。这些不仅为农业生产提供了有利条件,亦使得罗马人打破原有的经济模式,形成具有罗马特色的农业生产形式。国外学者关于罗马共和国时期的农业研究成果颇丰。就笔者所见,以专题性讨论居多,如奴隶劳动力、谷物供应等,或多见诸通史中;国内研究多侧重共和国后期大地产的发展。笔者在翻译加图《农业志》、参考其他古典著作及近现代研究成果的基础上,探讨整个共和国时期农业各方面的发展变化。但尚须指出的是,鉴于可资利用的材料所限,本文有待进一步完善。本文共分六章,基本框架大致如次: 第一章农业发展条件:本章重在分析自然地理对农业生产的影响,指出罗马所拥有的地中海气候及地形复杂、土壤肥沃等自然条件,有利于各种农作物的生长和分布;同时受伊达拉里亚人的影响以及传统上罗马人重农轻商的农业思想束缚,农业生产不可避免地受到人们的重视。共和国时期罗马开始不断对外扩张,不仅土地面积有所增加,同时在劳动力和资本方面亦不断增长,这为农业发展提供有利的外部条件。第二章农业劳动力状况:劳动力在社会发展中有着重要地位,居生产力诸要素之首,因此本章从小农、奴隶及其余农业劳动力的转移情况来分析共和国时期农业劳动力的发展状况,及其对农业生产所产生的推动作用。第三章罗马土地的分配与开发:土地是人类赖以生存的物质保证,开发利用土地资源可促进农业持续发展,亦是衡量农业发展程度之一标准,因此,土地问题在历史研究中受到较多关注。本章在探讨分配战争中所获的大量公有土地的同时,主要关注于大地产的开发和利用。第四章传统农业的发展:谷物是罗马的传统作物,通常包括大麦和小麦。本章主要以第二次布匿战争为界,论述战争前谷物的发展情况,以及战争后大地产兴起、谷物种植的下降及行省谷物的进口情况。第五章农业中特色经济的发展:大地产是罗马在对外战争后获得大量土地、劳动力、资本等情况下发展起来的一种特色农业经济,包括混合农场和牧场两种形式,主要以获利为目的,以奴隶为主要劳动力,这种农业生产模式的发展体现了罗马农业中商业意识的兴起。第六章与农业相关的改革措施:早在王政时期,罗马社会已开始视土地多寡而征兵,这使得战争、农业发展与小农间的联系日趋紧密。随着社会不断发展,罗马小农数量略有减少,故一些改革者不断提出与农业相关的改革措施,直接或间接地改善兵源问题。另外,一些政客亦打着土地改革的幌子进行着各方面的争斗。本章主要专门分析与罗马农业和土地发展相关的政策和措施,及其与政治、军事等各方面的联系。研究表明,罗马共和国时期农业得以发展除自身条件外,外部因素起到重要作用。战争所带来的奴隶、土地和资本为农业进一步发展创造了有利条件,同时外来先进技术和行省谷物进口等亦使得土地开发从传统小农谷物种植发展为获利的经济作物种植,这是农业社会经济发展的重大改变。通过梳理、分析这一时期农业各方面发展状况,可以发现农业生产并非单纯的经济问题,而是与政治、外交及军事等方面有着密不可分的关系。此外,农业经济的发展使得罗马人的重农轻商思想发生了改变,农业生产中的商业意识逐渐兴起,但因共和国末期至帝国时期生产方式的改变与隶农的盛行,未能有进一步发展。
[Abstract]:Due to the influence of other ethnic groups and the climatic and geographical advantages of Italy , the Romans followed the thought of heavy agriculture , which not only fostered their diligent , strong and patriotic character , but also inspired the Romans to develop agricultural production and covet more land . These not only provided favorable conditions for the agricultural production , but also the Romans to break the original economic model and form the form of agricultural production with Roman characteristics .

This paper discusses the development of agricultural production in the whole republic during the period of the whole republic . However , the author points out that the paper needs to be further improved in view of the materials which can be used .

This article is divided into six chapters , the basic framework is roughly as follows :

In chapter 1 , agricultural development condition : this chapter analyzes the influence of natural geography on agricultural production , points out the natural conditions such as Mediterranean climate and terrain complexity , soil fertility and so on , which is beneficial to the growth and distribution of various crops .

Chapter II Agricultural Labor Situation : The labor force plays an important role in social development and occupies the first place of productive forces , so this chapter analyzes the development of agricultural labor force in the Republic from the transfer of small farmers , slaves and the rest of the agricultural labour force , and the pushing effect on agricultural production .

Chapter 3 : The distribution and development of Roman land : the land is the material guarantee for the survival of mankind , the exploitation and utilization of land resources can promote the sustainable development of agriculture , and it is also a criterion to measure the degree of agricultural development . Therefore , the land problem has been paid more attention in the history research . In this chapter , the author mainly focuses on the development and utilization of large real estate .

Chapter Four : The development of traditional agriculture : grain is a traditional crop of Rome , usually including barley and wheat . This chapter mainly deals with the development of grain before war , as well as the rise of big real estate after the war , the decline of grain planting and the import of grain in the province after the war .

The fifth chapter is the development of characteristic economy in agriculture : the large real estate is a special agricultural economy developed by Rome after the war of foreign countries , including mixed farm and pasture , mainly taking profit as the main labor force , and the development of agricultural production pattern reflects the rise of commercial consciousness in Roman agriculture .

Chapter 6 : The reform measures related to agriculture : early in the reign of Wang Zheng , the Roman society has begun to recruit troops according to the number of land , which makes the connection between the war , the agricultural development and the small peasant closer . With the development of the society , the number of farmers in Rome has decreased slightly , so some reformers have put forward reform measures related to agriculture to directly or indirectly improve the military sources . In addition , some politicians have been fighting for various aspects under the guise of land reform . This chapter mainly analyzes the policies and measures related to Roman agriculture and land development , and their links with political , military and other aspects .

The research shows that the development of agriculture in the Roman Republic plays an important role in the development of agriculture . The slave , land and capital brought by the war have created favorable conditions for the further development of agriculture .
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K126

【参考文献】