美国《1946年就业法》探究

发布时间：2018-05-21 05:53

本文选题：《1946年就业法》 + 充分就业议案　；参考：《东北师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 本文以美国《1946年就业法》为研究对象,探究其制定的背景与过程并且对该法律进行评价。20世纪30年代经济大危机期间,罗斯福新政用以工代赈的方式,安置数百万劳动力就业,但是,严格地讲,这种应急性措施并未涉及劳工的技术培训。第二次世界大战结束时,大多数美国人并没有摆脱经济危机带来的恐惧。美国在第二次世界大战所实现的充分就业与30年代经济危机形成鲜明对比,促使充分就业作为战后目标提到政府和国会的议事日程。在杜鲁门的经济纲领中,充分就业是重要内容之一。但是,凯恩斯主义关于运用财政政策作为管理经济手段的理论论述,在美国引起了保守主义者和自由主义者的争论,1945年充分就业议案没有获得国会的批准,最后经过参议院和众议院的讨论,通过了《1946年就业法》,它决定“促进最大限度的就业、生产和购买力”,《1946年就业法》之后,就业与培训也开始被纳入国策之中,因而它标志着美国就业与培训政策体系确立的开始。在此之后,直至1968年,美国国会先后颁布十余项法案,其中最主要的是《1962年人力开发与培训法》和《1964年经济机会法》。这些法案都构成了比较完整的就业与培训政策体系的核心,并在维持就业市场供求关系的平衡、减少失业人口、推动社会经济发展等方面起到了积极作用。引言部分介绍了本文探究的问题的国内外研究现状、选题缘由与研究意义、研究思路与方法。第一章主要研究美国《1946年就业法》出台的背景,主要是从大萧条的影响和凯恩斯及其理论对美国的影响这两方面来探究。第二章从充分就业议案的提出、自由主义者对议案的支持和保守主义者对议案的反对三方面介绍美国《1946年就业法》出台的过程。第三章对美国《1946年就业法》的内容和它决定成立的两个机构:经济顾问委员会和国会联合委员会作出评价。结语部分对全文进行总结和概括,梳理了美国《1946年就业法》出台的背景、过程及其意义。它的出台并不一帆风顺,保守主义者和自由主义者对其各持己见,相互制衡。同充分就业议案比较,《1946年就业法》是一种倒退,但是它是一个标志性的法案,对美国的就业和培训政策的实践有重要意义。
[Abstract]:This paper takes the Employment Act 1946 of the United States as the research object, explores the background and process of its formulation, and evaluates the law. During the Great Economic crisis of the 1930s, Roosevelt's New deal employed millions of workers in the form of relief for work. Strictly speaking, however, this emergency measure does not involve technical training for workers. At the end of World War II, most Americans were not free from the fear of the economic crisis. The full employment achieved in the second World War in the United States is in sharp contrast to the economic crisis in the 1930s, which has prompted the full employment to be put on the agenda of the government and Congress as the goal of the postwar war. In Truman's economic program, full employment is one of the important contents. However, the Keynesian theory of using fiscal policy as a means of managing the economy caused controversy between conservatives and liberals in the United States, and the 1945 full employment bill was not approved by Congress. Finally, after discussions in the Senate and the House of Representatives, the Employment Act 1946 was passed, which decided to "promote maximum employment, production and purchasing power." after the Employment Act 1946, employment and training began to be incorporated into state policy. Therefore, it marks the beginning of the establishment of American employment and training policy system. After that, until 1968, the United States Congress enacted more than ten bills, the most important of which was the Manpower Development and training Act 1962 and the Economic opportunity Act 1964. These acts form the core of a relatively complete employment and training policy system, and play a positive role in maintaining the balance between supply and demand in the job market, reducing the number of unemployed people, and promoting social and economic development. The introduction introduces the domestic and international research status, the reason and significance of the topic, the research ideas and methods. The first chapter mainly studies the background of American Employment Act 1946, mainly from two aspects: the impact of the Great Depression and the influence of Keynes and his theory on the United States. The second chapter introduces the process of American Employment Act 1946 from three aspects: the proposal of full employment bill, the support of liberals to the bill and the opposition of conservatives to the bill. The third chapter evaluates the contents of the Employment Act 1946 and the two bodies it decided to establish: the Council of Economic Advisers and the Joint Committee of Congress. The conclusion summarizes and summarizes the full text, combing the background, process and significance of American Employment Act 1946. It was not always easy, with conservatives and liberals holding their own, counterbalancing each other. Compared with the full Employment Act, the Employment Act 1946 is a retrogression, but it is an iconic act, which is of great significance to the practice of employment and training policies in the United States.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K712.5

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