英美禁酒外交战研究（1920-1926）

发布时间：2018-05-22 08:00

本文选题：英国 + 美国　；参考：《首都师范大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 19世纪初在美国兴起的禁酒运动终于在“一战”后迎来了高潮。美国国会通过了有关禁酒的宪法第18条修正案,并于1920年1月16日正式生效,从此美国正式开始了十余年的全国禁酒时代。禁酒令对美国社会影响深远。由于美国有着饮酒传统,一道行政上的命令并不能完全禁绝其国民禁酒的欲望,私酿酒和走私酒盛行;与此同时,英国为了缓和战后经济危机并维护其贸易地位,通过其殖民地巴哈马群岛对美国大量走私酒品,巴哈马海关还对这些贩酒船发放双重结关许可证,美国海岸警卫队在三海里领海线外扣押了这些船只,并由司法部提起诉讼,英国逐渐陷入美国禁酒的沼泽地里。面对美国的抗议,英国原打算敷衍了之,但美国财政部对驶入其领海的外籍船只上的海上供应品予以查扣,并禁止携带酒品的外籍客船驶入美国领海,这触及到英国的经济利益,英国不得不出面解决。美国提出,为打击走私,要将领海线从三海里延展到十二海里;而英国难以割舍这一维系海洋帝国霸权的基本原则,与美国开始了三年的交涉。通过妥协让步,双方于1924年签订了英美禁酒条约,从形式上抑制住了美国的酒走私,也充分保障了英国的封装酒豁免权。然而,禁酒条约自身的缺陷导致其难以良好地运转,英美间就禁酒实施的具体问题仍有纠纷。在两国相关人员的协商下,两年后,伦敦会议的召开清算了禁酒条约中的明显积弊,英美就禁酒问题引发的外交纠纷逐渐趋于低潮。全文共分三章,另有前言和结语。前言部分大致介绍了国内外对禁酒及禁酒外交问题的史学研究成就及不足,在此基础上说明本人的研究思路和本文的理论和现实意义。第一章从美国实施全国禁酒令切入,探讨了英国卷入走私的过程和原因。进入禁酒时代后,美国的酒品走私现象频发且屡禁不止。巴哈马因其独特的地理位置,成为走私的大本营。为了维持战前的贸易水平,英国对巴哈马的走私采取包庇纵容的态度。美国屡屡在领海线外扣押英籍贩酒船,英国彻底卷入到美国禁酒的洪流中来。第二章分三步阐述了英国被迫一步步接受美国缔约提议,直到禁酒条约签订生效的过程。首先,在禁酒实施过程中,美国出现了财政部与司法部的单边行动导致国务院被动应对,出于改善英美关系和贯彻禁酒事务的双重考虑,国务院对英国提出缔约提议,但英国予以拒绝;其次,英国发现美国禁酒不可避免地将英美航运业的竞争和英籍船只的海上供应品问题放上台面,禁酒外交中逐渐注入经济层面的因素;最后,英美调整了各自的策略,美国将原有提议改头换面,变成一项互惠条约,而英国跨部委员会——特别是贸易部——出于维护英国贸易这一根本利益的考虑,冲破了外交大臣寇松的阻拦,成功地建议和美国缔约。第三章分析了英美禁酒条约签订后英美的禁酒争端。由于禁酒条约自身的缺陷,两国难以避免地出现纠纷,禁酒条约也沦为一纸空文。而此时美国禁酒运动由盛转衰,加上两国政府要职人员出现更替,英国跨部委员会把握时机,主动与美国商讨,伦敦会议解决了自条约签订后严重困扰两国的单方自决、“一小时线”、运用假定测量等三大争议。伦敦会议后两国的禁酒外交纠纷日渐式微。结语部分是对全文的补充说明,为英美禁酒外交战的启示。一方面,总结了英美禁酒外交战中双方政策产生的原因;另一方面,分析了这场外交战中所反映出的时代特色。
[Abstract]:The rise of the anti alcohol campaign in the early nineteenth Century came to a climax after the first World War. The United States Congress passed eighteenth amendments to the constitution of the prohibition of alcohol, and formally entered into effect in January 16, 1920. From then on, the United States officially started a national prohibition era for more than ten years. The prohibition of alcohol has far-reaching impact on the American society. An administrative order did not completely ban the desire of its national prohibition, the prevalence of private wine and smuggling; at the same time, Britain smuggled a large amount of wine through its colonial Bahamian archipelago to ease the post-war economic crisis and maintain its trade status, and the Bahamas customs also issued a double customs clearance permit. The United States Coast Guard seized the ships outside the territorial sea line of three nautical miles, and was brought to justice by the Ministry of justice.
In the face of American protests, Britain was intended to be perfunctory, but the U. S. Treasury had buckle on the supplies of foreign ships entering its territorial sea and banned foreign vessels carrying wine into the United States, which touched on the economic interests of the United Kingdom and had to resolve it. The United States proposed that the sea line should be taken to combat smuggling. Three nautical miles extended to twelve nautical miles; Britain was unable to give up the basic principle of the hegemony of the marine Empire, and began a three year negotiation with the United States. By compromise, the two sides signed a British and American Treaty on alcohol prohibition in 1924, suppressing the smuggling of wine in the United States in form, and ensuring the British packaging immunity.
However, the defects of the Treaty of prohibition of alcohol were difficult to operate well, and there was still a dispute between Britain and the United States on the specific problems of the implementation of the prohibition of alcohol. The chapter also has a preface and conclusion.
The preface introduces the achievements and shortcomings of the historical research on the problems of prohibition and prohibition of alcohol diplomacy both at home and abroad, and on this basis explains my research ideas and the theoretical and practical significance of this article.
In the first chapter, the process and causes of British smuggling are discussed from the implementation of the National prohibition order in the United States. After entering the time of prohibition, the smuggling of wine products in the United States is frequent and repeated. The Bahamas has become a smuggling camp because of its unique geographical position. The United States has repeatedly seized British alcoholic liquor vessels outside the territorial sea. Britain has been completely involved in the torrent of American Prohibition.
In the second chapter, the United States was forced to accept the United States proposal in three steps until the prohibition treaty entered into force. First, during the implementation of the prohibition, the United States appeared the unilateral action of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of justice, which led to the passive response of the State Council, and the State Council was concerned with the two considerations of improving the British and American customs and the implementation of the prohibition of alcohol. Britain put forward a proposal, but Britain refused. Secondly, Britain found that the American Prohibition inevitably put the competition of the British and American shipping industry and the maritime supplies of British ships on the table, and gradually inject the economic factors into the prohibition diplomacy; finally, the United States and Britain adjusted their respective strategies. A reciprocal treaty, while the British cross Commission, especially the Department of trade, in order to protect the fundamental interests of British trade, broke through the foreign minister coon's blocking and successfully suggested and United States parties.
The third chapter analyzed the British and American alcohol prohibition dispute after the Treaty of British and American Prohibition. Due to the defects of the Treaty of alcohol prohibition, the two countries are difficult to avoid the dispute, and the Treaty of prohibition of alcohol is also reduced to a paper paper. The London conference solved three major disputes, one hour line, and the use of presumed measurement after the treaty was signed. After the London meeting, the diplomatic disputes between the two countries were declining.
The concluding part is a supplement to the full text, which is an inspiration for the British and American war against alcohol. On the one hand, it summarizes the reasons for the policy of the two sides in the British and American diplomatic war against alcohol; on the other hand, it analyses the characteristics of the times reflected in the diplomatic war.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K712

【参考文献】