纳粹德国时期的苏台德问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-22 08:20

本文选题：苏台德德意志人 + 纳粹德国　；参考：《华东师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：苏台德问题在20世纪30年代曾经成为欧洲外交舞台上一个热门的话题,在第二次世界大战结束前后也曾经旧话重提,它不仅关乎苏台德德意志人的命运,也曾成为影响西欧和平的重要因素。然而此问题长期以来未受到国内学术界应有的重视。本文试图以苏台德问题的产生,发展及其影响为脉络,探讨纳粹德国对苏台德德意志人的政策,以及在此过程中各大国对此问题的态度。除绪论与结语外,本文共分四章。第一章主要论述苏台德问题的起源,以及纳粹上台前,苏台德德意志人与捷克人之间的关系。1918年后,苏台德区正式并入捷克斯洛伐克,成为其境内最大的少数民族,不甘屈辱的德意志人从心理上无法接受这个事实,两民族间的矛盾就此产生。本文从政治、经济、文化三个方面探讨了捷克斯洛伐克对苏台德德意志人的民族政策,从而为经济危机期间,两民族间不可调和的矛盾埋下了伏笔。第二章主要关注苏台德德意志人党的产生及其与德国纳粹党的关系问题。经济危机爆发后,经济上严重依赖国外市场的苏台德区日益陷入困境,捷克斯洛伐克在就业问题上带有民族保护色彩的做法,使两民族间的矛盾一发不可收拾。此时,苏台德德意志人党应运而生,成为苏台德德意志人谋求独立的代表与支柱。关于此党的性质问题,史学界长期存在分歧。本文从相关史料入手,通过对苏台德德意志人党产生、发展的研究,论证其在1937年前的独立性,通过追踪其党内长期存在的斗争,分析其最终失败的原因。第三章主要论述《卡尔斯巴德纲领》的出台与纳粹全面吞并苏台德地区。苏台德德意志人党的投诚为纳粹侵捷提供了有利的工具。在希特勒的指示下,汉莱因以《卡尔斯巴德纲领》为基础,不断向捷克斯洛伐克政府提出使其无法满足的要求,利用英法等国“不要战争要和平”的心态,向捷克斯洛伐克施压。最终在英法的纵容下,希特勒全面吞并了苏台德地区。第四章主要论述二战后苏台德德意志人被迫迁徙的血泪史。纳粹战败后,重组的捷克政府出于对安全因素的考虑,决定对其境内的德意志人进行驱逐。此政策经四大国协商,于1945年波斯坦公告后正式实施。出于对纳粹暴行及其德意志化政策的愤恨,驱逐过程中,捷克人虐待甚至屠杀德意志人的事件时有发生,为此苏台德德意志人流离失所,付出了惨重的代价。文章最后,对苏台德德意志人为何会有如此遭遇作了简要论述,并以此为缩影,阐述了二战时期纳粹德国对整个境外德意志人政策的实质。在此基础上,对由苏台德问题所引发的关于民族关系的思考和启示做了简要分析。
[Abstract]:The Sudeten issue became a hot topic in the European diplomatic arena in the 1930s, and it was raised again before and after the end of the second World War. It was not only about the fate of the Germans in Sudeten. It has also become an important factor affecting peace in Western Europe. However, this problem has not been paid much attention by domestic academic circles for a long time. Based on the emergence, development and influence of the Sudeten problem, this paper attempts to discuss the policy of Nazi Germany towards the Sudeten Germans and the attitudes of the great powers in the process. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this article is divided into four chapters. The first chapter mainly deals with the origin of the Sudeten problem and the relations between the Germans and the Czechs before the Nazis came to power. After 1918, Sudeten district was formally incorporated into Czechoslovakia and became the largest minority in its territory. The contradiction between the two peoples arose from the fact that the unwilling Germans could not accept the fact psychologically. This paper probes into Czechoslovakia's national policy towards the German Sudeten from three aspects of politics, economy and culture, thus laying the groundwork for the irreconcilable contradiction between the two nations during the economic crisis. The second chapter focuses on the formation of the Sudeten German Party and its relationship with the German Nazi Party. After the economic crisis broke out, the Sudeten district, whose economy is heavily dependent on foreign markets, is increasingly in trouble. Czechoslovakia's national protection on employment issues makes the conflict between the two peoples unmanageable. At this time, Sudeten German Party emerged as the representative and pillar of Sudeten Germans seeking independence. On the nature of the party, the historical circles have long been divided. This article starts with the relevant historical data, through the research on the generation and development of the Sudeten German Party, demonstrates its independence before 1937, and analyzes the causes of its final failure by tracing the long-existing struggle within his party. The third chapter mainly discusses the introduction of Carlsbad Program and the Nazi annexation of Sudeten region. The defection of the Sudeten German Party provided a useful tool for the Nazi invasion of Czech Republic. On the basis of the Karlsbad Programme, Hallay, at Hitler's direction, constantly made demands to the Czechoslovak Government that they could not meet, and took advantage of the mentality of Britain, France, and other countries "not to war and want peace". Put pressure on Czechoslovakia. Finally, at the connivance of Britain and France, Hitler completely annexed the Sudeten region. The fourth chapter mainly discusses the blood and tears history of the German people forced to migrate after World War II. After the Nazi defeat, the reconstituted Czech government decided to expel the Germans from its territory for security reasons. The policy was negotiated by the four powers and formally implemented after the 1945 Proclamation of Potstein. As a result of the indignation of Nazi violence and its policy of Deutsche, the Czechs mistreated and even slaughtered the Germans from time to time, for which the Sudeten Germans were displaced and paid a heavy price. At the end of the article, the author makes a brief exposition on why the German people in Sudeten suffered so, and takes it as a microcosm to expound the essence of the policy of Nazi Germany towards the whole foreign Germans during World War II. On the basis of this, the author makes a brief analysis of the reflection and inspiration of the ethnic relations caused by the Sudeten problem.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K516.44

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