奥斯曼帝国的非穆斯林商人群体

发布时间：2018-05-23 17:15

本文选题：奥斯曼帝国 + 米勒特制　；参考：《山西大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：奥斯曼帝国作为一个伊斯兰教国家,继承了阿拉伯帝国对非穆斯林群体的宽容,并且在此基础上建立了“米勒特”制度。米勒特制度允许居住在奥斯曼帝国的民族或社团在承认素丹和奥斯曼帝国政府权威的前提下,缴纳一定的赋税,就可以保留其自身的民族文化和宗教信仰。米勒特制度的建立,让奥斯曼土耳其人成功地统治着许多并不信仰伊斯兰教的民族。而那些在欧洲受到迫害的犹太人,那些被罗马教廷视为异端的东正教徒,还有那些属于格里高利教派的亚美尼亚人,都选择奥斯曼帝国为定居地,并在这里生活了几百年。这些非穆斯林群体活跃于商业领域,而他们的商业活动在奥斯曼帝国的经济中占据重要的地位。奥斯曼帝国优越的地理位置和帝国内商人群体的存在,使得奥斯曼帝国统治下的巴尔干、西亚、北非地区成为东西方商品流通的“中转站”,成为世界贸易体系中重要的环节。作为奥斯曼帝国数量最多的三个少数民族群体,犹太人、希腊人和亚美尼亚人在奥斯曼帝国的经济和商业活动中起到巨大的作用。一方面,这三个民族自古就有经商的传统,尤其在新航路开辟之后,他们在欧亚地区建立起范围广阔的贸易网,加之有奥斯曼帝国强大的实力为背景,让这些民族可以发挥他们在贸易方面的优势。另一方面,由于政治和宗教因素导致的冲突,欧洲天主教国家禁止穆斯林商人进入,而信仰伊斯兰教逊尼派的奥斯曼帝国与信仰什叶派的波斯帝国也处于敌对中,只有非穆斯林的商人们得以自由地往来于西欧、奥斯曼帝国和波斯帝国之间。因此,犹太人、希腊人和亚美尼亚人在奥斯曼帝国的出口贸易和跨国贸易中占据支配地位。整体来看,三个少数民族群体的兴衰经历了不同阶段。在奥斯曼帝国早期,犹太人率先在商业活动中兴起,十七世纪中后期,希腊人主导了奥斯曼帝国在地中海的贸易,并逐渐取代犹太人在商业活动中的地位,同一时期亚美尼亚商人也建立起自己庞大的贸易网,特别是垄断了波斯的丝绸出口。十九世纪前期亚美尼亚人成为奥斯曼帝国参与国际贸易最主要的商人群体,他们在进行商业活动的同时成为沟通东西方世界的中介。随着奥斯曼帝国衰落,西欧列强通过政治和军事力量逐步控制了奥斯曼帝国的经济,非穆斯林商人群体的地位逐渐被西欧商人所取代。本文的研究表明,非穆斯林商人在奥斯曼帝国的经济生活中起着不可替代的作用,也促进了奥斯曼帝国社会与欧洲社会的交流。而非穆斯林商人群体的兴衰,直接受奥斯曼帝国国力的影响,也受到国际政治经济形势变化的制约。
[Abstract]:The Ottoman Empire, as an Islamic country, inherited the tolerance of the Arab Empire to non-Muslim groups, and established the system of "Millert" on this basis. The Millette system allows the people or societies living in the Ottoman Empire to pay certain taxes on the condition that they recognize the authority of the Sultan and the Ottoman Empire government, and then they can retain their own national culture and religious beliefs. With the establishment of the Millert system, the Ottoman Turks succeeded in ruling many people who did not believe in Islam. The Jews who were persecuted in Europe, the Orthodox Christians who were regarded by the Holy see as heretical, and the Armenians who belonged to the Gregorian sect, chose the Ottoman Empire as a settlement and lived there for hundreds of years. These non-Muslim groups are active in business, and their business activities play an important role in the Ottoman economy. The superior geographical position of Ottoman Empire and the existence of merchants in the Empire made the Balkan, West Asia and North Africa under Ottoman Empire become the "transit station" for the circulation of goods between the East and the West, and become an important link in the world trade system. Jews, Greeks and Armenians, the three largest minority groups in the Ottoman Empire, played a significant role in the Ottoman Empire's economic and commercial activities. On the one hand, these three peoples have a tradition of doing business since ancient times, especially after the opening of a new route, they have built a wide trade network in the Eurasian region, coupled with the strong power of the Ottoman Empire. Let these peoples take advantage of their trade. On the other hand, because of political and religious conflicts, European Catholic countries banned Muslim businessmen from entering, and the Ottoman Empire, which believes in Islam, was hostile to the Shiite Persian Empire. Only non-Muslim businessmen were free to travel between Western Europe, the Ottoman Empire and the Persian Empire. As a result, Jews, Greeks and Armenians dominated the Ottoman Empire's export and transnational trade. Overall, the rise and fall of the three ethnic groups experienced different stages. In the early Ottoman Empire, the Jews took the lead in commercial activities. In the middle and late 17th century, the Greeks dominated the Ottoman Empire's trade in the Mediterranean Sea and gradually replaced the Jewish position in business activities. At the same time, Armenian merchants also set up their own huge trade network, especially the monopoly of Persian silk exports. In the early 19th century the Armenians became the most important group of businessmen in international trade of the Ottoman Empire. They became the intermediary for the communication between the East and the West while conducting business activities. With the decline of the Ottoman Empire, Western European powers gradually controlled the economy of the Ottoman Empire through political and military power, and the status of non-Muslim merchants was gradually replaced by Western European merchants. The study shows that non-Muslim businessmen play an irreplaceable role in the economic life of the Ottoman Empire and promote the exchange between the Ottoman and European societies. The rise and fall of non-Muslim businessmen were directly influenced by the power of Ottoman Empire and restricted by the changes of international political and economic situation.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K374.3

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