近代欧洲民族主义的形成及其特点

发布时间：2018-05-24 11:48

本文选题：王朝国家 + 民族国家　；参考：《湘潭大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 民族主义是近代以来产生的一种政治思潮,它最初起源于十七世纪的英国,以后扩展到欧洲、美洲,到了二十世纪,则遍及全世界每一个国家。民族主义是民族国家的伴生物,近代民族主义是在构建民族国家的过程中产生的,每个国家都有自己的民族主义,都有自己的民族主义发生、发展的历史。不同的国家在产生的过程中形成了不同的民族主义。在近代西方民族国家的形成过程中,英国、法国、德国最有代表性的。英国是近代民族主义的最初发源地,也是最早开始资产阶级革命并走上工业化和现代化道路的国家。英国在市民阶级和王权结成联盟的情况下初步完成民族统一,建立了君主专制国。在这一历史过程中,王权成为一个关键性因素,它成为构建的民族国家统一的象征。而终结于17世纪的英国资产阶级革命使英国由封建专制君主国逐渐演变为近代民族国家,从此英国成为一个资产阶级的立宪君主制的国家,由此诞生了英国民族主义。它的特点就是典型地显示了由于资本主义商品经济而形成的统一的市场和共同的经济利益对于民族意识的激发作用,其政治思想表现为鲜明的自由主义特征,强调以财产权为核心的天赋人权,要求自由和法治。在法国,民族主义表现为民主主义形态。法国在15世纪确立了君主专制中央集权国家,然而,这种专制王权统治下的国家还不是近代民族国家。随着资本主义的发展,封建君主专制出现了深刻的危机,导致了启蒙运动的出现,法国启蒙思想家把反对封建专制王权和争取“民主”、“共和”以及爱民族、爱祖国的思想相结合,这成为了在民族主义理论上的突出特征,而卢梭奠定了法国民主主义民族主义的理论基础。法国大革命通过推翻封建君主专制从而建立了近代民族国家,从而推动近代西欧民族主义的最终确立。在德意志,中世纪的分裂和专制造成德意志文化民族主义,文化民族主义实现了德意志文化上的统一,而政治上继续分裂;统一在19世纪成为主要任务,而反封建任务只能退居其次。直到拿破仑战争时期文化民族主义才转变成政治民族主义,在近半个世纪的探索中形成了成熟的政治民族主义,并在其指导下德意志由军事国家普鲁士通过武力实现了统一。这使得德意志民族主义带上了浓厚的封建主义、军国主义色彩,从而使民族国家具有强烈的对外扩张性的特点。英、法、德三国伴随着民族国家的建立,形成了民族主义,并迈入了现代化的社会,它们都有各自的特点。近代民族主义产生以后,开始影响着世界历史的进程。
[Abstract]:Nationalism is a kind of political trend since modern times. It originated in England in the 17th century, then expanded to Europe, America, and by the twentieth century, it spread all over the world. Nationalism is the companion of nation-state. Modern nationalism is produced in the process of constructing nation-state. Each country has its own nationalism and has its own history of nationalism occurrence and development. Different countries have formed different nationalism in the process of emergence. In the formation of modern western nation-state, Britain, France and Germany are the most representative. Britain was the original birthplace of modern nationalism and the earliest country to start bourgeois revolution and to embark on the road of industrialization and modernization. Under the condition that the citizen class and Wang Quan formed an alliance, Britain initially completed the national unification and established the autocratic monarchy. In this historical process, Wang Quan became a key factor, it became the symbol of nation-state unity. The British bourgeois revolution, which ended in the 17th century, gradually changed Britain from a feudal autocratic monarchy to a modern nation-state. From then on, Britain became a constitutional monarchy of the bourgeoisie, and British nationalism was born. It is characterized by a typical display of the role of the unified market and common economic interests formed by the capitalist commodity economy in stimulating national consciousness, and its political ideology is characterized by its distinct liberalism. Emphasis on property rights as the core of natural human rights, the demand for freedom and the rule of law. In France, nationalism manifests itself in the form of democracy. France established monarchy and centralism in the 15th century. However, the state under the autocratic Wang Quan was not a modern nation-state. With the development of capitalism, the feudal autocratic monarchy appeared a profound crisis, which led to the emergence of the Enlightenment Movement. The French Enlightenment thinkers opposed the feudal autocracy and fought for "democracy", "republic" and love of the nation. The combination of love for the motherland has become a prominent feature in the theory of nationalism, and Rousseau laid the theoretical foundation of French democratic nationalism. The French Revolution established a modern nation-state by overthrowing feudal autocratic monarchy, thus promoting the establishment of nationalism in modern Western Europe. In Germany, secession and despotism in the Middle Ages led to German cultural nationalism, which realized the unity of German culture and continued to divide politically; unity became the main task in the 19th century. The task of anti-feudalism can only be relegated to the second place. It was not until the Napoleon War that cultural nationalism was transformed into political nationalism, which formed mature political nationalism in the exploration of nearly half a century, and under its guidance Germany was unified by the military state Prussia by force. This makes German nationalism with strong feudalism, militarism, so that the nation-state has a strong characteristics of external expansion. With the establishment of nation-state, Britain, France and Germany formed nationalism and entered a modern society. They all had their own characteristics. After the emergence of modern nationalism, it began to affect the process of world history.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K504

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