俄国旧礼仪派及其影响

发布时间：2018-05-24 13:39

本文选题：俄国 + 旧礼仪派　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：17世纪中期,在沙皇的支持下牧首尼康对俄国东正教会进行了改革,改革包括经书修订和仪式变更两个方面。沙皇政府在全国范围内强制推行改革,引发了社会各个阶层的反对。官方教会把尼康改革的反对者称为“分裂派”,而他们自称“旧礼仪派”。旧礼仪派产生后,形成了自己的教义、习俗和禁忌,保持着罗斯的古老信仰仪式,穿着传统服饰。政府的镇压和压迫使他们逃亡到俄国的边远地区,甚至国外。他们所处的地理环境和政治地位使他们转向了经营工商业。靠着共同的信仰和强有力的社团组织,旧礼仪派工商业规模逐渐扩大,取得巨大的经济成就,对俄国近代资本主义经济的发展产生了深远的影响。此外,旧礼仪派还对俄国的教育文化事业、慈善事业产生了重要影响,与1917年革命也有密切关系。第一部分俄国旧礼仪派的产生这一部分主要论述的是旧礼仪派产生的背景和产生初期的情况,共有两个小节：牧首尼康改革；反改革斗争与旧礼仪派的产生。17世纪中期,牧首尼康在沙皇的支持下对俄国教会进行改革。改革破坏了古罗斯的信仰和传统习俗,激发了俄罗斯人的民族情绪,因此许多民众都反对尼康改革。很快这些民众在大司祭阿瓦库姆的领导下,形成了一个独特的民间教派——旧礼仪派。旧礼仪派发动了一系列反改革斗争,其中最有影响力的是1668—1676年的索洛维茨基修道院起义和1682年的霍万斯基政变。第二部分俄国旧礼仪派的教义、派别与演变这一部分主要有三个内容：旧礼仪派的教义与禁忌,旧礼仪派的教派分化和旧礼仪派的演变。旧礼仪派的基本教义是敌基督理论和世界末世论。在教义的影响和政府的镇压下,旧礼仪派作出了两种反应：自焚和逃亡。旧礼仪派在发展中还形成了自身的禁忌和习俗,如服饰、饮食习惯和生活方式等。由于对神甫问题的认识不同,旧礼仪逐渐分化为承认神甫的教堂派和不承认神甫的反教堂派。教堂派和反教堂派又分别分化为许多小派别。面对“旧礼仪派”这个民间教派,历代沙皇政府采取了不同的宗教政策,旧礼仪派的人数也随之发生着变化。第三部分俄国旧礼仪派的影响这一部分主要有旧礼仪派对俄国经济的影响和旧礼仪派对俄国社会的影响两个方面的内容。俄国旧礼仪派为了自身的生存不得不开始经营商业,并且依靠共同的信仰和社团组织取得了巨大成就,对俄国近代资本主义经济产生了重要的影响。旧礼仪派在演变过程中,非常重视自身的教育问题,他们的教育模式对俄国的近代教育产生了影响,独特的知识分子团体则将旧礼仪派文化保留了下来。富裕的旧礼仪派商人还积极出资资助俄国的医疗、救济和艺术事业,为俄国的慈善事业作出了巨大贡献。还有一部分著名的旧礼仪派领导人与1917年革命有密切的关系。结束语部分是对俄国旧礼仪派现状的分析和历史地位的评价。受沙皇政府迫害和1917年革命的影响,目前旧礼仪派在世界各地都有分布。虽然如今旧礼仪派的情况不能与官方东正教会抗衡,但作为民间教派,依然有很大的影响力。旧礼仪派为俄国的经济、教育文化和慈善事业等方面作出了巨大贡献,推动了俄国社会的发展。旧礼仪派已经成为我们认识俄国文化,理解俄国的一个窗口。
[Abstract]:In the middle of the 17th century , under the support of the czar , rankonikang had reformed the russian orthodox church . The reform consisted of two aspects : the revision of the classics and the alteration of the ceremony . The czar ' s government imposed reforms on the whole country , which led to the opposition of various sectors of society . The official church has turned its opponents into the " old etiquette " . The government ' s repression and oppression made them flee to russia ' s outlying areas , and even abroad . The old etiquette also has an important influence on the russian education and cultural undertakings and the cause of philanthropy .

This part of the first part of Russia ' s old etiquette is mainly discussed in the background of the old etiquette school and the situation in the early stage , there are two sub - sections : the ranching of Niang ;
The anti - reform struggle and the generation of the old etiquette . In the mid - 17th century , the Patriarch reformed the Russian church with the support of the Czar . The reforms undermined the belief and traditional practices of the Russian people , which inspired the national mood of the Russians , and so many people opposed the Niang reform . These people quickly launched a series of anti - reform struggles , most of which were 1668 - 1676 in the Sorowitz - based monastery in 1668 - 1676 and the 1682 howansky coup .

In the second part , there are three main contents : the doctrine of the old manners and the evolution of the old manners . The basic doctrines of the old etiquette are self - immolation and escape . In the development of the old etiquette , the old manners are divided into two kinds of reactions : self - immolation and escape .

In the third part , the influence of Russia ' s old etiquette school mainly includes the influence of the old etiquette party Russian economy and the influence of the old etiquette party Russian society . The old etiquette school has had great influence on the modern capitalist economy in Russia .

The conclusion part is the analysis of the present situation of the old etiquette school in Russia and its historical position . The old manners are distributed all over the world . Although the situation of the old etiquette cannot compete with the official Orthodox Church , it still has great influence as a folk sect . The old etiquette school has made great contributions to Russia ' s economy , education culture and philanthropy , and has promoted the development of Russian society . The old etiquette sect has become a window for us to know Russian culture and understand Russia .
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K512.4

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