19世纪中期爱尔兰天主教移民与英国主流群体的暴力冲突

发布时间：2018-06-01 19:51

本文选题：近代英国 + 大饥荒　；参考：《河南大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：19世纪中期，英国率先完成工业革命,城市人口比例首次超过50%,成为世界上第一个初步实现城市化的国家。工业化和城市化不仅为英国带来了巨大的财富和荣誉，也带来了一系列的社会问题。如何处理外来人口与城市发展的关系，是英国在城市化进程中必须着重解决的问题之一。19世纪中期英国大量农村人口涌入城市，而当时城市发展还不完善，有限的城市资源和市政管理一时难以满足人口的暴增，外来人口与城市发展之间的矛盾越来越尖锐。本文力图以19世纪中期爱尔兰天主教移民这一外来群体作为切入点，探讨外来人口与英国城市发展的关系。 19世纪40年代末爱尔兰发生大饥荒，大量贫困的爱尔兰人移民到英国的城镇和工业中心。这一时期的爱尔兰移民大多数是来自农村和偏远地区的天主教徒,文化素质低，没有一技之长且生活贫困。在英国，，他们主要居住在工人阶级的贫民窟里，从事最底层的重体力工作，报酬低、工作条件差，恶劣的工作和生活环境使移民备受摧残。本文之所以把爱尔兰天主教移民作为考察对象，是因为这一群体在经济条件、宗教信仰和生活习惯上与英国的主流群体存在很大的差异。爱尔兰天主教移民为争取在新环境下生存的权利而努力抗争，但信仰新教的英国主流群体敌视和排斥爱尔兰天主教移民,使他们很难快速融入到新的城市环境中。在排斥与抗争中，移民与主流社会的矛盾不断激化，经常发生流血冲突。19世纪中期爱尔兰天主教移民与主流社会的冲突有两次高潮时期：第一次发生在40年代末到50年代的大饥荒和反“教皇入侵”期间；第二次发生在60年代到70年代初。受爱尔兰天主教移民工作性质的影响，冲突主要发生在工人阶级聚居区，那些在重体力行业工作的爱尔兰劳工和英国的其他工人群体是暴力事件的主体。暴力事件通常源于个人或小范围的争执，但因英国民众对爱尔兰天主教移民所存在的固有偏见和敌视，以及新教牧师的煽动而扩大，最终酿成大的骚乱。这一时期英国经济和城市危机的爆发，新教对天主教会恢复圣统制的抵制，芬尼亚组织的恐怖袭击等，都加剧了爱尔兰天主教移民与英国主流群体之间的紧张关系。工人阶级的贫困是暴力冲突的根源，而自由资本主义主导下的资源分配不公是导致工人阶级贫困的罪魁祸首。暴力冲突使爱尔兰天主教徒和英国其他群体都遭受了严重的物质和精神损失，对当时英国经济的发展和社会的稳定产生了消极影响。同时，暴力冲突进一步暴露了英国住房、公共卫生和贫困等社会问题，政府逐渐放弃自由放任政策，加快社会改革的步伐。尽管受到主流社会的排斥，但爱尔兰移民在天主教的帮助下逐渐地融入英国社会。另外，暴力冲突对爱尔兰人民族意识的觉醒起到推波助澜的作用，推动了爱尔兰独立运动的发展。
[Abstract]:In the mid-19th century, Britain took the lead in the industrial revolution, and the proportion of urban population exceeded 50 for the first time, becoming the first country in the world to initially realize urbanization. Industrialization and urbanization not only brought great wealth and honor to Britain, but also brought about a series of social problems. How to deal with the relationship between foreign population and urban development is one of the problems that must be solved in the process of urbanization in Britain. In the middle of 19th century, a large number of rural people in Britain poured into cities, but the urban development was not perfect. Limited urban resources and municipal management are difficult to meet the population explosion, and the contradiction between the foreign population and urban development is becoming more and more acute. This paper attempts to explore the relationship between the foreign population and the urban development of the United Kingdom from the point of view of the immigrant group of Irish Catholic immigrants in the middle of the 19th century. There was a famine in Ireland in the late 1840s, and a large number of poor Irish emigrated to Britain's towns and industrial centres. The Irish immigrants of this period were mostly Catholics from rural and remote areas, with poor literacy, skills and poverty. In Britain, they live mainly in working-class slums, where they work at the lowest levels of heavy labor, with low pay, poor working conditions, and poor working and living conditions that ravage immigrants. The reason why the Irish Catholic immigrants are investigated in this paper is that the economic conditions, religious beliefs and living habits of this group are quite different from those of the mainstream groups in Britain. Irish Catholic immigrants struggle for the right to live in a new environment, but the hostility and rejection of the English mainstream group make it difficult for them to quickly integrate into the new urban environment. In the process of exclusion and struggle, the contradiction between immigrants and mainstream society has been intensified. The conflicts between the Irish Catholic immigrants and the mainstream society had two climaxes: the first occurred during the famine and the anti-papal invasion from the late 1940s to the 1950s; The second occurred in the 1960s and early 1970s. Under the influence of the nature of the work of Irish Catholic immigrants, conflicts mainly occurred in working-class areas. Irish workers working in heavy industries and other groups of British workers were the main subjects of violence. Violence usually stems from personal or minor disputes, but it is exacerbated by the inherent prejudice and hostility of the British towards Irish Catholic immigrants, and by the incitement of Protestant priests, leading to widespread unrest. During this period the outbreak of economic and urban crises Protestant resistance to the restoration of the Catholic Church and the terrorist attacks organized by Finnians all increased the tension between the Irish Catholic immigrants and the mainstream British community. The poverty of the working class is the root of the violent conflict, and the unfair distribution of resources under the domination of liberal capitalism is the chief culprit of the poverty of the working class. The violent conflict caused serious material and spiritual losses to Irish Catholics and other groups in England, which had a negative impact on the economic development and social stability of the United Kingdom at that time. At the same time, the violent conflict further exposed the British housing, public health and poverty and other social problems, the government gradually abandoned the laissez-faire policy and accelerated the pace of social reform. Despite being excluded from mainstream society, Irish immigrants gradually integrated into English society with the help of Catholicism. In addition, the violent conflict contributed to the awakening of Irish national consciousness and promoted the development of the Irish independence movement.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K561.43

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