理性旗帜下的关注：论18世纪法国《百科全书》对中国的阐释

发布时间：2018-06-02 01:22

本文选题：狄德罗 + 《百科全书》　；参考：《华东师范大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 德尼·狄德罗(Denis Diderot,1713-1784)是法国百科全书派学者、哲学家、文学家,法国18世纪启蒙运动的代表人物之一。由他担任主编,并邀集同时代150余位学者,历时近30年共同完成的《百科全书》是启蒙运动时期最重要的著作之一。《百科全书》构建了全新的知识体系,用唯物主义观点介绍当时人类最新知识、最新科技成就,以对知识、自然等的崭新理解引导人们在理性的指导下思考世界,在摧毁欧洲中世纪神学统治,发展近代唯物主义哲学和为1789年法国资产阶级革命提供思想准备等方面都起过重要作用。 18世纪正逢中国文化以前所未有的规模传入欧洲的时期,中国辽阔的疆土、众多的人民、悠久而相对稳定的历史,以及在中国流传发展了逾越二千年的儒家的社会、政治、伦理等方面的学说对法国思想界产生过重要的影响,成为他们思考法国诸多问题、论证各自理论的思想素材。本文尝试通过研究《百科全书》中有关中国的条目来解读主编狄德罗的中国观,以期对18世纪特别是18世纪中叶以后法国思想界对中国的看法及其演变,以及发生这种演变的原因,提出初步的看法。论文包括前言、第一至第四章和余论,合计六个部分。前言部分简要介绍《百科全书》的编纂和中国文化热的大背景、选题的意义和旨趣、关于《百科全书》和狄德罗中国观研究的国内外现状等。第一章介绍《百科全书》和《百科全书》诞生时代的法国,分为两节。第一节系统介绍《百科全书》的出版和影响,主要论述狄德罗等人编写《百科全书》的宗旨和方法;作为启蒙运动时代最重要影响最大的著作,它的创举及特殊之处;它在传播启蒙思想、反对宗教蒙昧和君主专制方面的作用。第二节介绍《百科全书》诞生时代的法国社会,简述旧制度末期法国农业、工商业状况;政治、经济、社会等各领域的矛盾;启蒙思想家以自然和理性为武器对旧制度的批判以及他们改革的思想甚至革命的主张。这些都是《百科全书》作为一部理性的、科学系统的知识大全编纂出版,并成为传播启蒙思想工具的历史背景。第二章介绍法国18世纪“中国热”,分为两节。第一节主要讲述“中国热”的大致盛况;来华传教士在其中的作用和重要著述;法国因为其政治、经济、文化等因素成为当时“中国热”的中心。第二节介绍法国启蒙思想家关于中国的话题,谈到他们关于中国问题论述及看法的演变;“颂华”和“贬华”两种不同的观点及代表人物;18世纪50、60年代,即《百科全书》开始编纂之时,指摘中国诸多弊端的言论逐渐增多。第三章系统介绍《百科全书》中描述中国的有关条目,分为三节。第一节介绍关于中国条目的撰写人和他们撰写的主要条目。第二节论述《百科全书》中关于中国资料的两大来源。第三节从哲学和宗教、历史和编年、政府、经济技术和科技等方面介绍其中有关中国的条目,并归纳《百科全书》中中国的大致形象。第四章论述狄德罗的中国观,分为三节。狄德罗作为《百科全书》主编,不仅撰写了著名的“中国”、“中国哲学”词条,第一次勾勒出中国哲学发展的脉络,而且与以颂华为主的伏尔泰和以贬华为主的孟德斯鸠不同,他对当时人们所知的有关中国信息始终抱有怀疑,对中国文化、历史、哲学等问题采取的是辩证分析、客观引据的态度。此外,他对中国的评述体现出时代变化的特征。因此,为了更好地了解《百科全书》中的中国以及中国对18世纪法国启蒙思想家们的影响,本文特辟一章作进一步的分析。第一节简要介绍狄德罗的生平以及他为编写《百科全书》作出的贡献。第二节介绍狄德罗撰写的关于中国的条目,并进行初步分类。第三节分析总结狄德罗的中国观。余论部分对《百科全书》及法国启蒙思想家的中国观进一步加以总结,并作了评价与分析。提出中国在文化沟通与对话中值得思考的问题。
[Abstract]:Denis Diderot (Denis Diderot, 1713-1784) is a French encyclopedia scholar, philosopher, writer and one of the representatives of the French Enlightenment Movement in eighteenth Century. He was the chief editor of the French Enlightenment Movement in eighteenth Century, and invited more than 150 scholars of the same time. The encyclopedia, which lasted for nearly 30 years, was one of the most important works of the Enlightenment period. < encyclopedia > The new knowledge system was constructed, the latest knowledge of mankind at that time was introduced, the latest scientific achievements were introduced, and a new understanding of knowledge and nature guided people to think about the world under the guidance of reason. It destroyed the European medieval theological rule, developed the modern materialism philosophy and provided the thought of the French bourgeois revolution in 1789. It has played an important role in trying to prepare and so on.
In eighteenth Century, when Chinese culture was introduced into Europe on an unprecedented scale, China's vast territory, a large number of people, a long and relatively stable history, and the Confucian social, political, ethical and other doctrines that had been spread over two thousand years in China had an important influence on the ideological circle of the law and became their thinking. This article tries to interpret the Chinese view of the editor in chief of Diderot by studying the entries in the Encyclopedia of the Encyclopedia of the Encyclopedia of the encyclopedia, in order to make a preliminary view on the views and evolution of the French ideological circle on China in eighteenth Century, especially after the mid eighteenth Century, and the reasons for this evolution.
The thesis includes preface, the first to the fourth chapter and the remaining theory, and it consists of six parts.
The preface gives a brief introduction to the compiling of the encyclopedia and the great background of Chinese cultural fever, the significance and the purport of the topic, and the present situation at home and abroad on the encyclopedia and the research on Diderot's Chinese view.
The first chapter introduces the encyclopedia and encyclopedia France, which is divided into two sections. The first section introduces the publication and influence of the encyclopedia systematically. It mainly discusses the purpose and methods of Diderot and others to write < encyclopedia >; it is the most important and most important work in the age of enlightenment. The second section introduces the French Society of the Encyclopedia of the encyclopedia, the French agriculture, industry and commerce, the political, economic and social contradictions in the end of the old system, and the criticism of the old system by the Enlightenment thinkers as a weapon of nature and reason and the thought of their reform. Even the ideas of the revolution are all compiling the Encyclopedia of the Encyclopedia of a rational, scientific and systematic knowledge and a historical background for the dissemination of the ideological tools of enlightenment.
The second chapter introduces the "Chinese fever" in France in eighteenth Century, which is divided into two sections. The first section mainly describes the general situation of "Chinese fever", the role and important writings of the missionaries in China; France has become the center of "Chinese fever" at that time because of its political, economic, cultural and other factors. The second section introduces the topic of the French Enlightenment thinkers on China. The evolution of their discussion and views on China's issues; the two different views and representatives of "praising China" and "derogatory China"; in the 50,60 years of eighteenth Century, the beginning of the Encyclopedia of the encyclopedia, there was a gradual increase in the criticism of many malpractices in China.
The third chapter systematically introduces the relevant entries described in the Encyclopedia of the encyclopedia, which is divided into three sections. The first section introduces the authors of Chinese articles and the main entries they write. The second section discusses the two major sources of China's materials in the encyclopedia. The third section is from philosophy and religion, history and chronology, government, economic technology and science and technology. It introduces Chinese entries and summarizes the general image of China in the encyclopedia.
The fourth chapter discusses Diderot's view of China, which is divided into three sections. As the chief editor of the encyclopedia, Diderot not only wrote the famous "China", "Chinese philosophy", but also outlined the development of Chinese philosophy for the first time, and was different from Diderot, who was the Lord of Song Hua and Montesquieu, who derogated the owner of Montesquieu. The Chinese information has always been doubted, the Chinese culture, history, philosophy and other issues are taken by dialectical analysis, the attitude of objective citation. In addition, his comments on China reflect the characteristics of the changes of the times. Therefore, to better understand the influence of China and China on the French Enlightenment thinkers in the eighteenth Century, the influence of the encyclopedia on the Encyclopedia of the encyclopedia and China The first section makes a further analysis. The first section briefly introduces Diderot's life and his contribution to the compiling of the encyclopedia. The second section introduces Diderot's entries on China, and carries out a preliminary classification. The third section analyses and summarizes Diderot's view of China.
The other part of the paper further sums up the Chinese view of the encyclopedia and the French Enlightenment thinkers, and makes an evaluation and analysis, and puts forward some problems that should be considered in China's cultural communication and dialogue.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K565;Z256.5

【参考文献】