美国政府的对华政策与舆论管控（1956-1972）

发布时间：2018-06-03 10:57

本文选题：美国 + 公众舆论　；参考：《内蒙古大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：中苏结盟后,美国一直在伺机瓦解这两个社会主义大国之间的关系,因此无论在制定对苏政策还是对华政策时都必须考虑到另外一方的反应。然而中苏两国两党之间在经历了一段"蜜月期"后矛盾开始显现,从苏共二十大中苏矛盾开始走向表面化到中苏彻底决裂,战争一触即发。中苏之间关系的变化使美国对华政策相应地做出了一系列调整。在调整对华政策时,美国政府不可避免地要引导和管控公众舆论,以使其成为外交调整中的推力,而非阻力。以相关政府档案和民意调查数据为基础,本文综合考察了美国民众对华舆论以及政府的舆论管控。美国政府管控舆论的方式主要包括秘密行动与公开暗示相结合、在全国各地召开政策吹风会、统一政府官员对媒体的语气、选择性地向媒体"透露"消息和利用民众心理,并且呈现出了以总统为核心、严密的新闻发布制度、政府和媒体巨头密切合作的特点。在舆论管控的实际效果上,艾森豪威尔时期美国政府成功引导了美国民众的反华情绪,进而推动了美国对华的强硬政策;肯尼迪时期美国政府的舆论管控具有两面性,一方面继续丑化中国形象,另一方面又加强对中国的大饥荒的报道,这使得《部分核禁试条约》等遏制政策和"微开门"的缓和政策同时得到了民众的支持;约翰逊政府前期美国为升级越战造势,大肆宣传中国在越南进行"扩张",使其越南政策成功地得到了民众支持,后期美国国内反战情绪高涨,政府更多地受到了反战舆论的影响;尼克松时期,美国国内关于改善对华关系的呼声越来越高,尼克松政府在乘着社会舆论的浪潮,同时不断进行引导,最终成功完成了中美之间的"破冰之旅"。
[Abstract]:Since the Sino-Soviet alliance, the United States has been waiting to disrupt the relationship between the two socialist powers, so the reaction of the other side must be taken into account in formulating both policies towards the Soviet Union and China. However, after a period of honeymoon period, the contradiction between China and the Soviet Union began to appear, from the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the contradiction between China and the Soviet Union began to be superficial, and the Sino-Soviet conflict broke completely, and the war was imminent. The changes in Sino-Soviet relations have made a series of adjustments to US policy toward China. In adjusting its China policy, the US government will inevitably direct and control public opinion so that it becomes the thrust, not the resistance, in the diplomatic adjustment. Based on the relevant government records and public opinion survey data, this paper comprehensively examines the American public opinion on China and the government's public opinion control. The ways in which the US government controls public opinion mainly include combining secret actions with public hints, holding policy briefings throughout the country, unifying the tone of government officials towards the media, selectively "disclosing" news to the media, and using popular psychology. And presents the president as the core, the strict press release system, the government and the media giant close cooperation characteristic. In terms of the actual effect of public opinion control, the Eisenhower administration successfully guided the anti-China sentiment of the American people, thus promoting the tough policy of the United States towards China; the Kennedy administration's public opinion control had two sides. On the one hand, it continues to degrade the image of China, on the other hand, it strengthens the report of the famine in China, which makes the containment policies such as "partial Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty" and the "micro-door" policy of detente get people's support at the same time; In the early days of the Johnson administration, the United States promoted China's "expansion" in Vietnam in order to escalate the Vietnam War, so that its Vietnam policy was successfully supported by the public. In the latter stage, the anti-war sentiment in the United States was high. The administration was more influenced by anti-war public opinion. During Nixon's time, there were more and more calls for improving relations with China in the United States, and the Nixon administration was taking advantage of the tide of public opinion and constantly guiding it. In the end, the ice-breaking journey between China and the United States was successfully completed.
【学位授予单位】：内蒙古大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K712.54

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