近代日本的法制整备与外来文化的摄取

发布时间：2018-06-05 08:55

本文选题：法制整备 + 外来文化　；参考：《山东大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 1868年，明治政府上台后，为了维护日本的民族独立，废除幕府时期被迫缔结的不平等条约成为政府的当务之急。但作为条约改正的前提条件，西方列强提出，日本必须建立起一套能使在日外国人的人身财产安全得到有效保障的西方式的近代法制。而要建立近代法制，最重要的一步就是近代法典的编纂。以此为契机，明治政府开始了以西方法律为楷模，制定西方式近代法典的努力。在法典编纂之初，明治政府选择了法国法作为模仿的对象，对欧洲各国都曾效法过的拿破仑法典进行了全面的翻译，并以此为蓝本进行了法典编纂的努力。但受到国内人才不足、经验不足等现实条件的限制，由日本人自己进行的法典编纂未能取得成功。日本政府不得不改为聘请法国法律专家来日本负责法典的制定。经过十年的努力，终于在1890年完成了法典草案的制定。但由于东西文化的差异过大，由外国人制定的法律并不符合日本的国情和实际需要。因此受到了保守势力的强烈反对，并引发了法典实施与延期的法典论争。结果该草案尚未得以实施，就被弃为废案。在遭遇了从师法国的失败之后，欧洲的新兴国家德国逐渐吸引了日本学者和政府的眼光。由于德国的国情与日本极为相似，新建体制也更符合日本政府的要求，日本很快转向了对德国法制的效仿。在模仿德国法进行法典编纂的同时，也注意到了与本国国情的结合，并最终取得成功。从此日本从封建律令法中解放出来，，建立了可以与西方列强媲美的法律体制，为不平等条约的废除扫除了障碍，也为实现与西方列强的并立奠定了基础。本文以日本对外国法文化的摄取为线索，对日本近代法律体制的整备进行了考察。通过考察，不仅可以对日本近代法制的形成有一个整体的把握，也可以对日本消化吸收外来文化的经验有一个更深的认识。本文由以下六个部分构成：第一部分是先行研究和本文的研究目的。在这个部分，主要是简单的介绍一下与日本法律近代化相关的几个方面的研究情况和本文的研究目的。第二部分是对明治维新以前日本的法制特征和法制整备的动因进行考察。在这个部分，首先考察了明治维新以前日本的法制特征，即以中国的儒家和法家思想为基础的律令制。其次是法制整备的动因考察。为了避免沦为列强的殖民地，不平等条约的改正成为明治政府面对的重大课题。而要想修改不平等条约，除了推行富国强兵，提高国力以外，还必须要按照西方列强的要求，建立起一套西方式的近代法律体系。其后是对法制整备的思想背景进行的考察。幕府时代，政府虽然推行了闭关锁国政策，但与荷兰的交往成为日本吸收西方知识的重要途径。幕末“东洋道德、西洋艺术”、“和魂洋才”等思想得以广泛传播，以西方列强为榜样建立资本主义体制的近代国家也成为广大有识之士的理想。这些启蒙思想的传播为日本吸收西方法律文化进行法制整备奠定了思想基础。第三部分是对日本以法国法为模仿对象进行法制整备的考察。早在幕府末期，政府的有识之士就对法国的拿破仑法典有了一个相当高的评价，并提出了引进该法典的构想。而明治政府为了免于沦为列强的殖民地，谋求与列强的并立，也深刻意识到了以欧美列强为模范，建立近代化的法律体制的必要性。以条约改正为契机，政府迅速开展了以法国法为蓝本进行法典编纂的工作。首先是命令法学家箕作麟祥对拿破仑法典进行了全面的翻译；其后又由司法卿江藤新平负责以拿破仑法典的译稿《法兰西法律书》为参考进行了法典编纂的尝试，并于1878年编成了明治11年草案。但该草案基本上也是对拿破仑法典的简略化的翻译；政府只有从法国聘请法学家保阿索纳德来日本负责法典的起草。随然经过了十年的努力，完成了法典的起草工作，但还是因为不符合日本的国情和固有传统而遭到了保守派的强烈反对，最终被弃为废案。第四部分是对日本由学习法国法转向学习德国法的考察。在遭遇了从师法国的失败之后，欧洲的新兴国家德国逐渐吸引了日本学者和政府的目光。由于德国的国情与日本极为相似，新建体制也更符合日本政府的要求，日本的学习对象由法国转向了德国。以德意志宪法为参考，日本首先完成了明治宪法的制定，其后日本以德国法为模范对整个法律体系进行了全面整备。在摄取外来文化的过程中，日本政府的政策也出现了偏差。为了向欧洲各国展示日本的文明开化程度，甚至采取了以鹿鸣馆外交为标志的全面欧化政策。其后国粹主义的兴起和民法典论争使日本对外来法律文化的摄取走上了正轨。在其后的民法典编纂过程中，采取了取长补短、兼顾本国国情对外国法律文化进行有选择性地摄取的手段。在这种指导思想的引导下，日本终于成功地完成了近代法律体制的整备。第五部分是对日本在法制整备过程中采取的吸收外来文化的手段进行考察。在这一部分中，对于日本法制整备的手段分四个方面进行了论述。一是通过对国外典籍的翻译进行文化输入；二是对外国专家灵活利用；三是通过派遣留学生等手段培养急需人才，并逐步取代日本高价聘请的国外专家；四是调整对待外来文化的态度和吸收外来文化的方式，做到对传统文化有批判性的继承，和对外来文化有选择性地吸收。第六部分为结语。在这一部分中，首先对本文进行了总结。其次是通过对日本法制整备的考察，应该从中得到的启示。
[Abstract]:In 1868, after the Meiji government came to power, in order to maintain the national independence of Japan, the abolition of the unequal treaties forced by the shogunate period became a top priority for the government. But as a prerequisite for the correction of the treaty, the Western powers put forward that Japan must establish a set of western style that can ensure the safety of the personal and property security of foreigners in Japan. In order to establish modern legal system, the most important step in the establishment of modern legal system is the codification of modern law. As an opportunity, the Meiji government began to work on western modern law by taking western law as a model. At the beginning of the codification, the Meiji government chose French law as the object of imitation, and Napoleon had been effective to all European countries. The code made a comprehensive translation and made the codification of the codification. But under the limitations of insufficient domestic talent and lack of experience and other realistic conditions, the codification of the Japanese code was not successful. The Japanese government had to employ French legal experts to make Japan responsible for the formulation of the code. After ten years, the Japanese government had to take charge of the formulation of the code of law. At last, the draft of the draft was completed in 1890. But because of the excessive difference between the East and the west, the law made by foreigners did not conform to the national conditions and actual needs of Japan. Therefore, it was strongly opposed by the conservative forces and caused the Codex controversy of the code for the implementation and extension of the code. As a result, the draft was not yet implemented and was abandoned. After the failure of the French, the emerging European country, Germany, gradually attracted the eyes of Japanese scholars and government. As the national conditions of Germany were very similar to that of Japan, the new system was more in line with the requirements of the Japanese government, and Japan quickly turned to the imitation of the German law. At the same time, it also noticed the combination of the national conditions and the final success. From then on, Japan was liberated from the feudal law law, established a legal system that could rival the Western powers, removed the obstacles for the abolition of the unequal treaties and laid the foundation for the realization of the Western powers. Taking the intake as a clue, the preparation of the modern Japanese legal system was investigated. Through the investigation, we can not only hold a holistic grasp of the formation of Japanese modern legal system, but also have a deeper understanding of Japan's experience of absorbing and absorbing foreign cultures.
This article is composed of the following six parts:
The first part is the first research and the purpose of this paper.
In this part, it mainly introduces briefly the research on several aspects related to the modernization of Japanese law and the purpose of this study.
The second part is about the motivation of Japan's legal system and the preparation of legal system before Meiji Restoration.
In this part, we first examine the legal characteristics of Japan before the Meiji Restoration, that is, the legal system based on the Confucianism and Legalists in China. Secondly, the motivation of the legal system. In order to avoid being the colonization of the powers, the correction of the unequal treaties has become a major issue for the Meiji government. In addition to the implementation of the rich state and strength of the army and the improvement of the national strength, a set of western modern legal systems must be established in accordance with the requirements of the Western powers. After that, the ideological background of the preparation of the legal system was investigated. The shogunate era, although the government has implemented the policy of closing the country, has become an important part of Japan's absorption of Western knowledge. The ideas of "Dong Yang morality, western art" and "peace of mind" were widely spread. The modern state of the capitalist system established by the Western powers as an example also became the ideal of a broad sense of insight. The spread of these enlightening ideas laid the ideological foundation for Japan to absorb western legal literature for legal preparation.
The third part is the inspection of Japan's French legal system.
Early in the end of the shogunate, the people of insight of the government had a fairly high evaluation of the French Code of Napoleon, and put forward the idea of introducing the code, and the Meiji government, in order to avoid being a colony of the powers, sought to stand side by side with the powers, and was deeply aware of the necessity of establishing a modern legal system with the European and American powers as a model. The government quickly carried out the work of codification of the codification with the French law as the blueprint for the revision of the treaty. First, the command jurist made a comprehensive translation of the Napoleon code, followed by the codification of the codification by the Secretary of the judiciary, Edo Shinra, in charge of the manuscripts of the Napoleon code, the French Book of France. A 11 year draft of Meiji was compiled in 1878, but the draft was basically a brief translation of the Napoleon code; the government only hired French jurist Paul A Sonnad to draft the code from France. After ten years of efforts, the government completed the drafting of the code, but still because it did not conform to the country of Japan. Sentiment and inherent tradition were strongly opposed by conservatives and eventually abandoned as a waste case.
The fourth part is the inspection of Japan's learning from French law to learn German law.
After the failure of France, a new European country, Germany, gradually attracted the attention of Japanese scholars and government. As the national conditions of Germany were very similar to that of Japan, the new system was more in line with the requirements of the Japanese government. After the formulation of the Meiji Constitution, Japan made full preparation of the whole legal system with German law as a model. During the process of absorbing foreign culture, the policy of the Japanese government had also been deviated. In order to show the civilized degree of the Japanese civilization to the countries of Europe, and even adopted the comprehensive Europeanization policy marked by the diplomacy of the deer hall. The rise of quintessence and the debate on civil law made Japan get on the right track for the intake of foreign legal culture. In the process of compiling the civil code, it took the means of taking advantage of the country's national conditions and taking a selective intake of foreign legal culture. Under the guidance of this guiding ideology, Japan has finally successfully completed the modern times. The preparation of the legal system.
The fifth part is to investigate the ways of absorbing foreign culture in the process of legal preparation in Japan.
In this part, the means of the Japanese legal system are discussed in four aspects. One is to carry out cultural input through the translation of the foreign classics; the two is to use the foreign experts flexibly; the three is to train the urgent talents by sending the foreign students and other means, and gradually replace the foreign experts engaged in the high price of the Japanese books; and the four is the adjustment. We should critically inherit the traditional culture and selectively absorb foreign cultures when we have the attitude of foreign culture and the way of absorbing foreign cultures.
The sixth part is the conclusion.
In this part, the article first summarizes the article, followed by the inspection of Japanese legal system, and the enlightenment we should get from it.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D931.3;K313.41

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