试论公元前一世纪至公元一世纪古罗马兵员动员

发布时间：2018-06-06 10:45

本文选题：兵员动员 + 制度　；参考：《东北师范大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 罗马是一个崇尚武力的民族,罗马人生性勇猛,机智擅变,这方面它在世界上可谓是独树一帜之典范,在世界军事史上占有重要的地位;但是罗马亦是个崇尚农耕的民族,其国民性格又以稳健、纪律、服从为著,两方面之结合于战场,就产生了以步兵为主,骑兵为辅的罗马军团。到公元前二世纪,罗马军团这把利剑已横扫亚、欧、非三大洲,地中海已成为古罗马帝国的“内海”。古罗马也是一个法制化程度较高的贵族奴隶制民主国家,古罗马的军事制度经历了公民兵役制(义务兵役制)、志愿兵役制和雇佣兵役制。作为重要的军事制度,从罗马共和国时期开始,就不断有适应新的形势需要的军事法律出台,调动和鼓舞罗马公民参军参战的积极性和热情。经历了塞维鲁兵役法、马略军事改革等,到屋大维时期,一些军事制度通过法规的形式被固定下来,如军事婚姻制度、工资制度、退役金制度等,对罗马帝国后来统治者所继承沿用。关于军事制度的研究,国外尤以英美为突出,国内的专门研究不多,主要有王建吉的《罗马共和国军事制度》、杨俊明和张齐政的《汉尼拔与布匿战争》、王乃新的《汉尼拔战争》等为数不多的著作。本文时间断限定在公元前一世纪到公元一世纪,因为这段时间古罗马包括兵员动员制度在内的各项军事制度处于转折期,到公元一世纪基本定型,这些制度为以后的统治者所沿用。本文围绕罗马军队的兵员动员进行论述,主要阐述了这一时间段的兵员来源、征集兵员的程序和政府为保障兵员和军队的战斗力而采取的各项制度和措施。罗马的兵员动员工作对古罗马产生直接和深远的影响,如在公民兵役制度下,服役是公民的义务也是权利,后来在志愿兵役制下,这不再是一项权利,而是一些无产者为了生计而选择的职业,沉重的兵役负担转移到穷人头上,正如一句谚语说的那样“富人的战争,穷人的战斗”。兵役制对古罗马政治也产生了重要影响,公民兵役制下,“兵无常将、将无常兵”。志愿兵役制产生后,将军和士兵形成了主仆关系,士兵大多对将军的命令“唯马首是瞻”,因为此时的将军已成为他们各项利益的代言人,在这种背景下,古罗马加速了军事集权,最终,屋大维建立了罗马帝国。
[Abstract]:Rome was a people who believed in force. Rome was brave and resourceful in life. In this respect, it was a unique model in the world and played an important role in the military history of the world. But Rome was also a nation that believed in farming. Its national character is steady, discipline, servitude, the combination of the two in the battlefield, the formation of infantry, supplemented by cavalry Roman legions. By the second century BC, the Roman Legion had swept over three continents, Asia, Europe and Africa, and the Mediterranean Sea had become the "inner sea" of the Roman Empire. The ancient Roman military system experienced civil military service (compulsory military service, voluntary military service and employing military service). As an important military system, since the period of the Roman Republic, there have been constantly issued military laws to meet the needs of the new situation, mobilizing and encouraging the enthusiasm and enthusiasm of Roman citizens to join the armed forces and join the war. After the Sevilo military service law, Marlowe military reform and so on, by the Octavian period, some military systems were fixed in the form of laws and regulations, such as the military marriage system, the wage system, the retirement pension system, and so on. The later rulers of the Roman Empire inherited and followed. The study of the military system, especially in Britain and the United States, was especially prominent in foreign countries, but there was not much specialized research in the country. Mainly include Wang Jianji's the military system of the Roman Republic, Yang Junming and Zhang Qizheng's Hannibal and Punic Wars, Wang Naixin's Hannibal War, etc. The time of this article is limited to the first century BC to the first century AD. During this period, Roman military systems, including the mobilization of soldiers, were at a turning point, and by the first century AD, these systems were adopted by later rulers. This paper focuses on the mobilization of troops in the Roman army, and mainly expounds the sources of the troops in this period. The procedures for recruiting troops and the systems and measures adopted by the Government to safeguard the combat effectiveness of soldiers and the army. The mobilization of soldiers in Rome had a direct and far-reaching impact on ancient Rome, as in the context of the civil service system, Service was a civic duty and a right, and later, under the voluntary military service, it was no longer a right, but a profession chosen by some proletarians to make a living, and the heavy burden of military service shifted to the poor. As the saying goes, "the war of the rich, the battle of the poor". Military service also had an important impact on ancient Roman politics. Under the civil service system, "soldiers will be impermanent, soldiers will be impermanent". Since the emergence of the voluntary military service system, the relationship between the general and the soldiers has formed between master and servant. Most of the soldiers "follow the lead" to the general's orders, because at this time the general has become the spokesman of their various interests, and in this context, Ancient Rome accelerated military centralization, and eventually Octavian established the Roman Empire.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K126

【参考文献】