英国保守党政府时期的老年人住房政策研究（1979-1997）

发布时间：2018-06-06 16:02

本文选题：英国 + 撒切尔政府　；参考：《山东师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着日益严重的老龄社会的到来，从中衍生出来的诸多社会经济问题是现今各国政府共同面对的严峻挑战，尤其是关于老年人的住房问题，，更成为影响社会稳定的一个重要的因素。1979年英国撒切尔夫人上台执政是英国社会的重大转折，自此开始，保守党连任四届执政党，为英国的老年人住房政策上作出了巨大的努力。尽管继任的以布莱尔为首的新工党政府开辟了“第三条道路”，也在住房政策领域有所调整，然而却保留了相当大部分的保守党时期的住房政策，这不得不让人深思其中的原因——前期保守党政府的老年人住房政策确实在维护社会安定，保护老年人住房权方面发挥了重要的基础性作用。全文共分六章。绪论介绍了本课题的选题来源，选题意义和相关的学术史综述，并对老年人及相关的概念进行了界定。第一章论述了在20世纪70年代存在于英国老年人住房中的问题：英国国内住房存量实际上是不少的，但是很多都不适合老年人居住，所以老年人的有效住房不足；随着老龄化的日益严重，国家在老年人服务的财政支出上日趋增多，从而影响了经济的发展，而这又反过来制约了住房市场的平衡，使老年人住房市场愈发的萎靡；此外，老年人的住宅一般都比较旧，而且随着城市规划的不断更新，很多老年住房的环境显露出脏、乱、差等；再加上现有的老年住房政策没有根据社会的发展及时的更新改革，所以政策自身存在着不完善。第二章具体分析了英国撒切尔政府和梅杰政府时期的老年人住房政策的具体形成过程，全程围绕着“私有化”这一主题开展，分为三个阶段，首先是1979年至1986年，此阶段是保守党政府大力削减政府对老年住房的财政支出阶段，是“私有化”的初步开始阶段，重点还是国内经济的复苏和老年住房市场的恢复；1986年至1990年，是撒切尔政府改革中的转折阶段，是“私有化”改革的全面推行扩展和老年住房政策的逐步完善阶段，很多转折性的文件和政策法规被颁布实施，住房协会等组织也在这一时期有了大跃进式的发展；1990年至1997年以梅杰为首的保守党政府开始执政，既保留了大量前保守党政府的老年住房政策，同时也有一定的创新，是老年住房政策的进一步发展时期。第三章对1979年至1997年时期老年住房政策的特点及形成这些特点的原因进行论述。这一时期老年住房政策有三个特点，分别是结构多元化、发展趋势市场化及非官方组织规模扩大化。此时的多元化是指在老年人住房问题解决的过程中改变了以前纯粹由政府负责的结构，而是由政府主导、结合市场发展内部规律和一些非官方组织发挥重要作用的多元结构模式；撒切尔政府上台后就主张建立市场化的机制，在这一思想影响之下，政府颁布了一些优惠措施出售给老年人住宅，同时地方政府也转移了大部分住宅给住宅协会等民间组织，然后通过实施住房补贴的形式帮助老年人购买到或是租到符合自己心意的住宅；非官方组织在政府的大力支持之下迅速发展壮大，并在帮助解决老年住房问题上发挥了重要的作用。形成这些特点的原因有四点：国际住房权运动持续发展和高涨、英国国内新右派福利思潮的影响逐渐扩大、英国国内政党政治竞争的内在需求以及国内市场机制的调整。第四章对这一时期的老年人住房政策进行了总体的评价，两届政府在此期间在老年人住房政策方面取得了巨大的成就，满足了相当一部分老年人的住房需求，老年人的住房环境也得到了改善。当然其中也存在一些问题，在改革中推崇市场化，但是市场本身运作起来是不可能兼顾到公平的，没有满足所有老年人的住房需求。撒切尔政府和梅杰政府时期的老年住房政策对继任的布莱尔政府的老年住房政策产生了较为深远的影响，布莱尔政府不仅继续前政府市场化、多元化的改革，也继续鼓励非官方组织的发展，此外布莱尔政府时期还进一步修改完善了养老金法案，同时注重了公平原则。我国在解决老年住房问题时，我们要根据我国老年人住房的实际情况，有选择的借鉴英国老年住房政策，建立比较完善的住房市场机制，利用多元化手段保障老年住房的层次性，符合各阶层老年人需求，最重要的就是在建立新房时就提前加入老年人的需求，可以节约日后维修房屋的资源等。
[Abstract]:With the coming of the increasingly serious aging society, many social and economic problems derived from it are the serious challenges that the governments of all countries are facing today, especially the housing problem of the elderly, which has become an important factor affecting the stability of the society. In.1979, the British society was a major turning point in the British society in.1979. Since then, the four ruling party has been reappointed by the conservative party to make great efforts for the housing policy of the elderly in the UK. Although the successor of the New Labour government, led by Blair, has opened up "third roads" and has also been adjusted in the field of housing policy, it has retained a considerable majority of the housing policies of the Conservative Party period. The old people's housing policy in the early period of the Conservative Party has played an important basic role in maintaining social stability and protecting the housing rights of the elderly.
The full text is divided into six chapters. The introduction introduces the source of the topic, the significance of the topic and the related academic history, and defines the old people and related concepts. The first chapter discusses the problems that exist in the housing of the elderly in the UK in 1970s: the domestic housing inventory in the UK is actually quite a lot, but many are discomforts. The old people live, so the effective housing of the elderly is not enough. With the growing aging, the state is increasing the financial expenditure of the elderly, which has influenced the economic development, which in turn restricts the balance of the housing market and makes the housing market of the elderly becoming more and more depressed; in addition, the housing of the elderly is general. It is all old, and with the continuous renewal of urban planning, the environment of many elderly housing shows dirty, messy, bad, and so on, and the existing old housing policy has not been updated in time according to the social development, so the policy itself is imperfect. The second chapter analyzes the Thatcher government and the Major government period in the UK. The concrete formation process of the housing policy of the elderly is carried out around the theme of "privatization", which is divided into three stages, first of all, from 1979 to 1986. This stage is the stage for the conservative government to vigorously reduce the government's fiscal expenditure on the housing for the elderly, is the beginning stage of "privatization", with the emphasis on the recovery and old economy of the domestic economy. The recovery of the housing market in 1986 was a turning stage in the reform of the Thatcher government. It was the stage of the comprehensive expansion of the "privatization" reform and the gradual improvement of the housing policy for the elderly. Many turning documents and policies and regulations were enacted and the housing association and other organizations had a great leap forward development in this period. The Conservative Party government, headed by Major from 1990 to 1997, began to take power. It not only retained a large number of old housing policies for the former Conservative government, but also had some innovation, which was the further development period of the housing policy for the elderly. The third chapter discussed the characteristics of the housing policy of the elderly from 1979 to 1997 and the reasons for the formation of these characteristics. In this period, the elderly housing policy has three characteristics, namely, the structure diversification, the development trend marketization and the expansion of the unofficial organization. In this time, the diversification refers to the change of the former government responsible structure in the process of housing problems for the elderly, but the government led, combined with the market development of internal laws and the development of the law. Some non official organizations played an important role in the multi structure model; after the Thatcher administration came to power, the government established a market-oriented mechanism. Under the influence of this idea, the government has issued some preferential measures to sell to the elderly housing, while the local government has also transferred most of the residence to the residential associations and other civil organizations, and then through the reality. The form of housing subsidies helps the elderly to buy or rent to their own heart. Unofficial organizations have developed rapidly under the strong support of the government and played an important role in helping to solve the problems of old housing. The reasons for these characteristics are four points: the continuous development and rising of the international housing rights movement. The influence of the new right trend of thought of the new right in the UK is gradually expanding, the internal demand of political party and political competition in the UK and the adjustment of the domestic market mechanism. The fourth chapter makes a general evaluation on the housing policy of the elderly in this period. The two government has made great achievements in the housing policy of the elderly in this period. When a part of the old people's housing demand is needed, the housing environment for the elderly has also been improved. Of course, there are some problems in the reform of the market, but the market itself is not possible to balance the fair and not meet the housing needs of all the elderly. The Thatcher administration and the Major government of the elderly housing period The policy has a far-reaching influence on the old housing policy of the Blair government, which is succeeded by the government. The Blair government not only continues the market of the former government, the diversified reform, but also encourages the development of the unofficial organizations. In addition, the Blair government has further amended the old gold bill and paid attention to the principle of fairness. In order to solve the old housing problem, we should choose the old housing policy of the elderly in accordance with the actual situation of the elderly housing in our country, establish a relatively perfect housing market mechanism, use diversified means to guarantee the hierarchy of the elderly housing, meet the needs of the old people of all classes, and the most important thing is to join in advance in the establishment of new houses. The needs of the elderly can save resources for repairing housing in the future.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：F293.3;K561.5

【参考文献】