近代早期西欧的巫术与巫术迫害

发布时间：2018-06-08 13:48

本文选题：巫术 + 巫术迫害　；参考：《复旦大学》2006年博士论文

【摘要】： 16、17世纪的西欧进入了转型时期，在这一时期出现了诸如文艺复兴、宗教改革、新大陆的发现、科学革命以及民族—国家的出现等一系列令人振奋的历史事件。但是，当时的西欧同时还存在着由经济发展引起的社会贫困化、由民族—国家的兴起引起的政治纷乱以及由宗教改革引起的宗教冲突。同时，由于天气突变而导致的农业歉收和饥荒，更是不断恶化了当时普通百姓的生活。当时的人们相信，这些灾害是魔鬼及其仆人——巫师破坏的结果，他们通过雷电、冰雹、霜雪、风雨、洪水、鼠患、虫害等灾害和其它各种手段，破坏上帝的意旨，给人们带来痛苦和悲伤。面对种种的社会危机，人们迫切地寻找替罪羊以慰藉大众的挫折感和不安全感，巫师正是极佳的替罪羊。当时的人们相信关于巫术的传说，，害怕巫师的破坏能力，他们搜捕这些想象中的巫师，尤其是女巫。16世纪60年代巫术案件在西欧大量出现，并且在该世纪末上升到了惊人的程度。16世纪末17世纪初诉讼进一步增加，波及的区域也不断扩大，并在17世纪20年代到达了顶峰。期间大量的巫师被投进监狱，其中很多人被烧死在火刑柱上。最终，巫术诉讼在17世纪末和18世纪逐渐衰落。过去的史学家往往忽视欧洲近代早期的研究，或者将其简单化，而巫术和巫术迫害是一个很好的切入点，使我们得以重新审视欧洲这段历史，构建一个更加完整的历史图景。同时，我们可以通过这一课题的研究，从另一个角度加深对西欧社会转型问题的理解，也有助于我们对其它社会中的转型问题的研究。本论文除了导论与结语外，分为三个部分。第一部分中，通过对“长时段”和“中时段”因素的分析，建构一个完整的关于西欧近代早期的历史场景。着重分析引发巫术迫害这种独特的社会现象的社会背景，包括：16、17世纪西欧社会的生活环境(地理和气候因素)、社会生活(经济变迁和政治动荡)和西欧近代早期人们的心态(宇宙观、死亡观念以及对自我的态度)。第二部分，着重论述魔鬼信仰的形成及其具体内容，包括魔鬼、巫师、巫魔会和着魔等。第三部分，着重叙述近代早期巫术迫害的整个过程，包括迫害的兴起、蔓延和衰落，以及当时的司法运作。此外，在这篇论文中我还运用了包括文化人类学、心理学、历史社会学等跨学科的研究方法，多视角、多维度地考察巫术迫害这一独特的社会现象。
[Abstract]:Western Europe entered a transitional period in the 1600s, during which a series of exciting historical events such as the Renaissance, the religious reform, the discovery of the New World, the scientific revolution and the emergence of the nation-state appeared. However, in Western Europe at that time, there were also social poverty caused by economic development, political chaos caused by the rise of ethnic-state and religious conflicts caused by religious reform. At the same time, agricultural failure and famine caused by sudden weather worsened the lives of ordinary people at that time. The people at that time believed that these disasters were the result of destruction by the devil and his servants and witches, who destroyed God's will through lightning, hail, frost, wind and rain, floods, rodents, pests and other means. In the face of all kinds of social crises, people urgently seek scapegoats to comfort the frustration and insecurity of the public, and witches are the best scapegoats. People believed in the legends of witchcraft and feared the destructive power of wizards, and they searched for these imaginary witches, especially witches. The witches of the 1960s were widespread in Western Europe. And at the end of the century, it rose to an alarming degree. Litigation increased further in the late 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century, and the affected areas expanded, and reached its peak in the 1720s. A large number of wizards were sent to prison during that time, many of whom were burned to death at the stake. Eventually, witchcraft litigation declined in the late 17th and 18th centuries. Historians in the past tended to ignore or simplify early modern European research, and witchcraft persecution were a good entry point. So that we can re-examine the history of Europe and build a more complete historical picture. At the same time, through the study of this topic, we can deepen the understanding of the social transformation in Western Europe from another angle, and also help us to study the transformation problem in other societies. It is divided into three parts. In the first part, through the analysis of the factors of "long period" and "medium period", a complete historical scene about the early modern times of Western Europe is constructed. Focusing on the social context in which witchcraft persecution is a unique social phenomenon, It includes the living environment (geographical and climatic factors), social life (economic change and political turbulence) and the mentality (cosmology, death concept and attitude towards self) of the early modern Western Europe. The second part mainly discusses the formation and content of devil's belief, including devil, wizard, sorcery and enchanting. The third part focuses on the whole process of witchcraft persecution in the early modern times, including the rise, spread and decline of persecution, and the judicial operation at that time. Historical sociology and other interdisciplinary research methods, multi-perspective, multi-dimensional investigation of witchcraft persecution this unique social phenomenon.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K504

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