试论19世纪英国的未婚大龄女性问题

发布时间：2018-06-09 00:30

本文选题：维多利亚时期 + 中产阶级　；参考：《华东师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 19世纪是英国工业化飞速发展的时期,在工业化和资本化的飞速前进中,社会、政治、经济、科学文化方面均发生了翻天覆地的变化,然而在各方面的发展进步中,在中产阶级的妇女中出现了大量未婚的大龄女性,这一现象成为阻碍社会发展和社会协调的问题。为解决这一问题,政府、女权主义者、未婚大龄女性自身都进行了斗争和努力。直到19世纪末,经过各方面的共同努力,未婚大龄女性摆脱了以往的恶劣形象,以一种崭新的姿态活跃于社会。研究这一问题,为人们把握19世纪的英国历史提供了独特视角,有助于全面了解工业化进程下的英国,在看到社会进步的同时,也关注社会的不协调现象,进而促进社会的协调发展。国内外学者这一问题鲜有涉及,只是在一些研究中涉及到此问题时进行较浅的分析。本文试图弥补以上不足,对19世纪的未婚大龄女性问题进行系统的阐述和分析,并考察其原因,进一步探讨英国政府为解决这一问题所采取的措施,以及妇女自身为此进行的努力和斗争等内容。大量资料表明,19世纪,未婚大龄女性的生活状态非常恶劣。中产阶级的未婚大龄女性被闲散在家,受传统家庭观和婚姻观的影响以及自身条件的限制,她们不能走出家门外出工作,似乎成为一个多余的群体,受到人们的批评和社会质疑,在社会上以一种负面形象存在。而未婚大龄女性人数也在大量增加,成为亟待解决的社会问题。导致这一问题出现的原因包括海外殖民扩大了男女比例的不平衡,使原本女性就多于男性的不平衡比例关系进一步扩大；19世纪英国家庭的“门当户对”观念,使女性在婚姻选择上不能自主,并加剧了未婚女性完婚的难度。19世纪初期妇女的法律地位,使她们在婚姻中处于劣势,她们对子女的监护权、婚姻自由权、财产权、受教育权、选举权等都得不到保障。中产阶级的女性在结婚前财产尚能属于自身所有,婚后所有的财产包括自身都属于其丈夫。这就导致女性对于婚姻的恐惧,使一些不甘于这种生活的女性不愿意进入到婚姻状态,未婚大龄女性的数量增加。从19世纪中期开始,政府采取了一系列措施解决这一问题。首先是通过政策鼓励女性移民海外殖民地,并同移民到海外的英国男性结婚,但这一措施并没有取得显著成果。于是在女权运动的推动下,政府通过了一系列保证妇女权益的法案。1882年的《已婚妇女财产法案》、1870年“教育法”、以及1928年通过的妇女选举权法案,使得妇女在财产权、受教育权及选举权等方面的权益得到法律的保障。这一举措取得了较好的效果。与此同时,中产阶级的未婚大龄女性也为摆脱自身的负面形象进行了积极的努力,主要集中在两个方面：创办刊物表达自己的观点,唤起更多女性的自觉；积极投入到慈善活动中去。未婚大龄女性寻找到了新生活,拓宽了自己的视野和社交领域,掌握了更多才能,而慈善活动的开展,也有助于缓解社会矛盾、维持社会稳定,因而受到各阶层的肯定,逐渐改变了人们对未婚大龄女性的偏见。未婚大龄女性以一种新形象重新走出家庭,走向社会。通过对19世纪英国未婚大龄女性问题的研究,可以得出结论,社会的发展需要各方面的全面进步,尤其是人与社会的协调发展。
[Abstract]:In the period of the rapid development of Britain's industrialization in nineteenth Century, in the rapid progress of industrialization and capitalization, social, political, economic and scientific and cultural changes have changed dramatically. However, in the development and progress of all aspects, large amount of unmarried older women have appeared among the middle class women. This phenomenon has hindered the social development. To solve this problem, the government, the feminist, the unmarried older women themselves have struggled and struggled to solve this problem. Until the end of the nineteenth Century, after all the joint efforts, the unmarried older women were free from the past bad images and were active in the society with a brand new attitude. The study of the problem was 19. The British history of the century provides a unique perspective, which helps to fully understand the process of industrialization in Britain. While seeing the progress of the society, it also pays attention to the disharmony of the society and promotes the coordinated development of the society. This paper tries to make up for the above deficiencies, systematically expounds and analyses the problems of unmarried older women in nineteenth Century, and examines the reasons for it, and further probes into the measures taken by the British government to solve the problem, as well as the efforts and struggles of the women themselves for this purpose.
A large number of information shows that in nineteenth Century, unmarried older women were living in a very bad state of life. The middle class unmarried older women were scattered at home, influenced by the traditional family outlook and the concept of marriage and their own conditions, and they could not go out and work out of the house, which seemed to be a superfluous group, criticized by people and questioned by the society. There is a negative image in society, and the number of unmarried older women is also increasing, becoming an urgent social problem. The reasons for this problem include the expansion of the imbalance in the proportion of men and women in the overseas colonies, the further expansion of the unbalance comparison between women and men; the British family in nineteenth Century. The concept of "right to the door" makes women incapable of marriage choice, and aggravates the legal status of women who are married to unmarried women in the early.19 century, making them disadvantaged in their marriage. Their custody, the right to freedom of marriage, the right to property, the right to education, the right to vote, and so on, are not guaranteed. Before marriage, property belongs to itself, and all property after marriage, including itself, belongs to her husband. This leads to women's fear of marriage, so that some women who are not willing to be willing to be married are unwilling to enter into marriage, and the number of unmarried older women increases.
Since the middle of the nineteenth Century, the government has taken a series of measures to solve the problem. First, it was to encourage women to immigrate to the overseas colonies and marry the British men who were immigrated abroad. But the measure did not achieve significant results. The government passed a series of bills to guarantee women's rights and interests, driven by the feminist movement. The.1882 "married women's property bill", the "Education Law" in 1870, and the women's electoral rights act adopted in 1928 make women's rights and interests in property rights, the right to education and the right to vote, which have been guaranteed by law. This measure has achieved good results.
At the same time, the middle class unmarried older women have made positive efforts to get rid of their negative image, mainly in two aspects: to set up their own views, to arouse more women's consciousness and to actively invest in charitable activities. The social field has mastered more talents, and the development of charity activities also helps to alleviate social contradictions and maintain social stability. Therefore, it has been affirmed by all classes and gradually changed people's prejudice to unmarried older women. The unmarried older women go out of the family and go to society with a new image.
Through the study of the problem of unmarried older women in Britain in nineteenth Century, we can draw a conclusion that the development of society needs comprehensive progress in all aspects, especially the coordinated development of people and society.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K561.4

【引证文献】