尼克松政府解决国际船舶污染政策研究（1969-1972）

发布时间：2018-06-09 14:22

本文选题：美国环境政策 + 尼克松政府　；参考：《东北师范大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 第二次世界大战后,全球经济开始复苏,国际间贸易联系增加.海洋作为重要的交通运输通道,其地位呈逐渐上升之势。但是随着海洋运输业的发展,因船舶事故、倾倒、排油等行为导致的海洋污染问题也日益严重。船舶污染不但破坏海洋的生态系统,对人类的生活健康也有一定的危害。周围海洋环境的日益恶化,同时唤醒了公众对环境问题的觉醒。面对海洋环境的日益恶化,及国内环保运动的高涨,尼克松政府上台之后,就解决国际船舶污染问题出台了一系列政策。主要体现在三个方面:首先,加强地区合作,推动北大西洋公约组织建立现代社会挑战委员会(Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society ),该委员会在美国政府的支持下达成了在1975年内禁止船舶在航行中向海洋排污的协议。其次,参加国际会议寻求国际合作解决船舶污染问题。通过参加联合国下属的政府间海事协商组织(Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization)召开的海洋污染会议,签订《关于干预公海油污染事件的国际公约》(The International Convention for Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil ),其赋予沿海国家在其本国领海即将遭遇船舶事故等威胁时,有权采取措施予以防止、减轻或消除这种威胁的权利;参加1972年联合国召开的人类环境会议(UN Conference on the Human Environment),会议通过了《人类环境宣言》(Declaration on the Human Environment),会议宣告了人类对环境的传统观念的终结,达成了“只有一个地球”,人类与环境是不可分割的“共同体”的共识。为以后国际社会解决环境问题初步奠定了国际合作的模式;最后,美国环境根据环境质委员会的报告提出签订《防止倾倒废物及其它物质污染海洋公约》(Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter),该公约对规范国际无秩序的海洋倾倒行为有重要的作用。尼克松政府的解决国际船舶污染政策不但有效的解决了美国沿海港口的船舶污染问题,同时也推动了国家间的海洋环保模式的初步建立。相比较以往历届政府都有显著的进步与提高,可以说尼克松政府环境政策对后来美国环保运动的发展具有重大的影响,基本上构筑了美国环保政策的基本框架。但是作为冷战背景下的超级大国美国,其环境政策深受冷战思维的影响,政策的制定是以不侵害美国的国家安全利益和维护海洋自由航行为前提的。
[Abstract]:After World War II, the global economy began to recover and international trade ties increased. As an important transportation channel, the status of the ocean is gradually rising. However, with the development of marine transportation, marine pollution caused by ship accidents, dumping and oil discharging is becoming more and more serious. Ship pollution not only destroys the marine ecosystem, but also endangers human life and health. The worsening of the surrounding marine environment and the awakening of the public to environmental problems. In the face of the deteriorating marine environment and the upsurge of the domestic environmental movement, after the Nixon administration came to power, A series of policies were put forward to solve the pollution problem of international ships. This is mainly reflected in three aspects: first, strengthening regional cooperation, Push for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's the Committee on the challenges of Modern Society, which, with the support of the United States government, agreed to ban ships from discharging pollutants into the ocean during navigation in 1975. Second, to participate in international conferences and seek international cooperation to solve the problem of pollution from ships. By participating in the Conference on Marine pollution convened by Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO), a subsidiary of the United Nations, The signing of the International Convention on intervention in High Seas Oil pollution incidents / the International Convention for Prevention of pollution by Oil in the Sea, which gives coastal States the right to take measures to prevent such threats as ship accidents in their territorial waters, The right to mitigate or eliminate such threats; to participate in the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment Conference on the Human Environment, which adopted the Declaration on the Human Environment, which declared the end of traditional human perceptions of the environment, There is a consensus that there is only one Earth, and that man and the environment are inseparable communities. For the future international community to solve environmental problems initially laid a model for international cooperation; finally, The United States Environment proposes to sign the Convention on the Prevention of Marine pollution by Marine pollution by dumping of wastes and other matter, based on the report of the Commission on Environmental quality. The Convention on the Prevention of Marine pollution by dumping of wastes and other matter, which regulates the international and non-orderly dumping of the sea, is based on the report of the Committee on Environmental quality. The Nixon administration's policy to deal with international ship pollution not only effectively solved the problem of ship pollution in the coastal ports of the United States, At the same time, it also promotes the initial establishment of marine environmental protection model between countries. Compared with previous administrations, the environmental policy of Nixon administration had a great influence on the development of the environmental protection movement in the United States, and basically constructed the basic framework of the environmental protection policy of the United States. However, as a superpower under the background of the Cold War, the environment policy of the United States is deeply influenced by the thinking of the cold war. The policy formulation is based on the premise of not infringing on the national security interests of the United States and safeguarding the freedom of navigation of the sea.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：X322;K712.54

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