二战后的法德萨尔之争及其解决

发布时间：2018-06-11 20:08

本文选题：德国 + 法国　；参考：《华中师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：萨尔位于法德边界地区,战略位置非常重要,历史上两国曾在这里轮流统治。近代以来,萨尔利用自身丰富的煤炭资源,建立了大型钢铁企业,成为莱茵河上游地区的重要工业区。1935年公民投票后,萨尔最终回归德国,成为纳粹德国治下的合法领土。二战后,法国根据战时制定的外交政策,依托美英盟国的外交支持,在萨尔推行既成事实的单边行动,基本上实现了它的外交目标——萨尔经济上与法国合并、政治上从德国分离。然而,法国的单边行动缺乏合法性根据。冷战开始后,美英盟国对德政策发生变化,在萨尔问题上的对法国的支持明显的有所保留。联邦德国成立后,在萨尔问题上的态度相当明确,始终不承认法国推行的政策。法国为获得在萨尔的永久性地位,在萨尔进一步采取措施,加强对萨尔的控制。联邦德国对法国继续分离萨尔的行动坚决反对。这样,德法两国围绕萨尔问题的争论和矛盾愈演愈烈,成为联邦德国重获国家主权和重新武装的重要障碍。从1952年开始,萨尔问题成为欧洲防务集团条约签订和批准的先决条件。在美英盟国的压力之下,法德两国以萨尔“欧洲化”为基础,先后进行了两次谈判,终因无法在经济上达成协议而告吹。1954年10月西方盟国签订巴黎协定时,法国仍将解决萨尔问题作为签订协定的先决条件。两国政府再次进行谈判,并以纳特斯计划中的“欧洲化”为基础,法德双方均作出让步,最终达成了萨尔“欧洲化”的协议,并签订1954年新法规。根据达成的协议,萨尔居民将对1954年新法规进行全民公决,以便决定是否同意“欧洲化”。1955年10月23日,萨尔居民否决了1954年的萨尔法规,萨尔亲德派也在新的议会选举中获胜,并且要求重新回归德国。此时,法国只能接受事实。经过谈判,法国在萨尔经济利益也得到了解决。1956年底,萨尔在政治上回归了德国,三年后,萨尔在经济上也完全回归了联邦德国,至此,萨尔完全回归联邦德国,并成为联邦政府的第12个州。
[Abstract]:Salar is strategically located on the Franco-German border, where the two countries have historically taken turns. Since modern times, Sal has made use of his rich coal resources to establish a large steel enterprise and become an important industrial zone in the upper reaches of the Rhine River. After the referendum in 1935, Sal finally returned to Germany and became a legal territory under Nazi Germany. After World War II, France, in accordance with the foreign policy formulated during the war, relying on the diplomatic support of the United States and the United Kingdom, and carrying out unilateral actions of fait accompli in Sal, basically realized its diplomatic goal-Salar's economic integration with France. Political secession from Germany. However, France's unilateral actions lack legitimacy. Since the beginning of the Cold War, the US and British allies have changed their policy towards Germany, and their support for France on the Salar issue has been obviously reserved. After the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany, the attitude on the Salar issue was quite clear, and they never recognized the policy pursued by France. France, in order to gain permanent status in Sal, took further steps to strengthen its control over Salar. The Federal Republic of Germany firmly opposed the continued secession of France. Thus, the dispute and contradiction between Germany and France over the Salar issue intensified and became an important obstacle to the restoration of national sovereignty and rearming by the Federal Republic of Germany. Since 1952, The question of Sal became a prerequisite for the signing and ratification of the European Defence Group Treaty. Under pressure from the allies of the United States and Britain, France and Germany, on the basis of the "Europeanization" of Salle, conducted two negotiations one after another, which were ultimately defeated by the inability to reach an economic agreement. When the Western allies signed the Paris Agreement in October 1954, France still wants to settle the Sal issue as a precondition for an agreement. The two governments again negotiated, and based on Nates' planned "Europeanization," France and Germany both made concessions, finally reached a "Europeanization" Sal agreement and signed a new 1954 law. According to the agreement reached, the people of Sal will hold a referendum on the new 1954 law to decide whether to agree to "Europeanization." on October 23, 1955, the Sal residents vetoed the 1954 Sal Act. Sal-pro-Germans also won the new parliamentary elections and demanded a return to Germany. At this point, France can only accept the facts. After negotiations, France's economic interests in Sal were also settled. At the end of 1956, Sal returned to Germany politically. Three years later, Sal returned to the Federal Republic of Germany economically. So far, Salar has returned to the Federal Republic of Germany. And became the 12th state of the federal government.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K153

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